This specialization would be adaptive for panoramic sampling of the part of the visual field corresponding to the substrate-water interface and remove the need for H. portusjacksoni to move its eyes extensively when resting on the sea floor. The estimated upper limit of spatial resolving power in juvenile H. portusjacksoni was 3.14 cycles deg-1 , which is at the lower end of values measured in elasmobranchs. Taken together, these results suggest that the retina of H. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-07321332.html portusjacksoni is well adapted for nocturnal vision. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive inherited defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene resulting in abnormal regulation of salt and water movement across the membranes. In the liver this leads to focal biliary fibrosis resulting in progressive portal hypertension and end-stage liver disease in some individuals. This can be asymptomatic, but may lead to splenomegaly and hypersplenism, development of varices and variceal bleeding, and ascites; it has negative impact on overall nutritional status and respiratory function in this population. Prognosis is poor once significant portal hypertension is established. The role and outcome of various interventions for managing advanced liver disease (non-malignant end stage disease) in people with cystic fibrosis is currently unidentified. This is an updated version of a previously published review. OBJECTIVES To review and assess the efficacy of currently available treatment options for preventing and managing advancence, there is a need to undertake randomised controlled trials of interventions for preventing and managing advanced liver disease in adults and children with cystic fibrosis. Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Predator non-consumptive effects (NCE) are a suite of phenotypic responses of prey to avoid predation that cascade down food webs and can have a stronger impact than predation itself. However, the role of NCE in intraguild interactions remains understudied. Thus, multi-species experiments based on species traits are needed to improve our understanding of the impact of NCE on community structure. We investigated NCE of ants on 17 spider species as intraguild prey (8 cursorial and 9 sedentary) to test the influence of spider hunting mode on the strength of NCE. Sedentary spiders select a habitat patch and wait for prey, whereas cursorial spiders roam around searching for prey. Because actively foraging organisms have higher encounter rates with predators, cursorial spiders should show stronger reactions to ant presence. We collected cues (footprint hydrocarbons) of the black garden ant Lasius niger on filter papers. Then, we placed spiders individually on the papers and filmed their behaviour once on a paper with cues and once on a cue-free one. We used the increase in walking activity in the presence of cues as an indicator of avoidance behaviour towards ants. Cursorial spiders spent a longer time moving and being mobile, and had a higher overall mean mobility when exposed to ant cues compared with blank filter papers, whereas sedentary spider species did not react to ant cues at all. The avoidance of ant cues by cursorial spiders corresponds to their higher risk of encountering ants compared with sedentary species, in accordance with the threat-sensitivity hypothesis. Our multi-species study shows the relevance of NCE for intraguild interactions and highlights the importance of experimental trait-based approaches to improve predictability of species interactions and the role of NCE in ecological communities. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ )/Sirtuin (SIRT) system is linked to metabolic adaptation. This study aimed to determine the temporal profile of metabolic responses of the liver to cold exposure and changes in the hepatic NAD+ /SIRT system. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were individually housed in conventional cages under cold exposure (4 °C) for up to 5 days. Cold exposure decreased the hepatic triglyceride level and cholesterol level in mice by 1.7- and 1.6-fold, respectively. Lipogenic gene expression was persistently reduced, while gluconeogenic gene expression was transiently increased. Hepatic NAD+ /SIRT metabolism was induced during the 'cold remodeling' phase (days 1-3) and correlated with decreasing lipogenic and increasing gluconeogenic gene expression, contributing to the maintenance of whole-body lipid and glucose homeostasis. © 2020 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.As climate change is an important environmental issue, the conventional petrochemical-based processes to produce valuable chemicals are being shifted toward eco-friendly biological-based processes. In this study, 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP), an industrially important three carbon (C3) chemical, was overproduced by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli using glycerol as a sole carbon source. As the first step to construct a glycerol-dependent 3-HP biosynthetic pathway, the dhaB1234 and gdrAB genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae encoding glycerol dehydratase and glycerol reactivase, respectively, were introduced into E. coli to convert glycerol into 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA). In addition, the ydcW gene from K. pneumoniae encoding γ-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, among five aldehyde dehydrogenases examined, was selected to further convert 3-HPA to 3-HP. Increasing the expression level of the ydcW gene enhanced 3-HP production titer and reduced 1,3-propanediol production. To enhance 3-HP production, fed-batch fermentation conditions were optimized by controlling dissolved oxygen (DO) level and employing different feeding strategies including intermittent feeding, pH-stat feeding, and continuous feeding strategies. Fed-batch culture of the final engineered E. coli strain with DO control and continuous feeding strategy produced 76.2 g/L of 3-HP with the yield and productivity of 0.457 g/g glycerol and 1.89 g·L-1 ·h-1 , respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest 3-HP productivity achieved by any microorganism reported to date. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.