Early diagnostics allows the initiation of appropriate treatment, which contribute to reduction or complete resolution of clinical symptoms.Urinary incontinence (UI) is one of the most common chronic diseases in women, occurring in all age groups. UI is found in 20-60% of the female population and is considered as a social disease. We use conservative and surgical methods to treat stress urinary incontinence. Conseravtive treatment is the first line therapy. In case of severe symptoms of SUI, in patients with urethral sphincter insufficiency and prolaps conservative treatment is not effective. Currently, the most common are used slings TVT and TOT as well as Burch operations. Therapeutic success depends on many elements, such as proper qualification for surgery, proper pre and postoperative procedure, correct surgical technique and operator's experience. Pelvic ultrasound plays a major role in urogynecology both in qualification for surgery and in postoperative control.Symptomatic thoracic disc herniation is estimated on 1 person per million per year. 70% of all thoracic disc herniation cases are asymptomatic. This condition is often undiagnosed in regard to misguided clinical manifestations. Surgical treatment of symptomatic thoracic disc herniation is major challenge for spine surgeons because of the fact that thoracic spine has special anatomical conditions. Historically, posterior approach with laminectomy was treatment by choice, but this method was abandoned for some time, because of the high risk of postoperative complications. During last years we observe development of new approaches and advanced techniques e.g. microsurgical pedicle-sparing transfacet approach, costotransversectomy, extracavitary approach, minimal invasive thoracoscopic or endoscopic discectomy, but posterior approach is still broadly applied.Respiratory diseases are among the most common disorders found in the clinical practice of every pediatrician. It is estimated that a total of 10-15% of children experience recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTI). Unfortunately, there is no universal consensus on the definition of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. In addition, the number of episodes taken into account to define the recurrent nature of infections varies depending on the disease (location of the ongoing infection) and its severity. The most commonly accepted definition is the occurrence of eight or more documented respiratory tract infections per year in preschool children (up to three years old) and six or more in children older than three years, in the absence of any pathological condition underlying recurrent infections. It is very important to select in the group of children suffering from RRTI those who may have primary immunodeficiency. The detailed medical history plays an important role. In cases of positive medical history for immunodeficiency, it is mandatory to conduct a detailed examination of the immune system.Microparticles, also termed extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel candidate markers of platelet activation and ongoing inflammation in vivo. Different subtypes of EVs are released from platelets, endothelial cells and leukocytes. Blood concentration of EV subtypes in patients with acute myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral artery disease correlated with the severity of the disease. Accumulating data indicate that EVs may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and its complications. Measurement of EV concentrations might become an element of minimally-invasive diagnostic tests, allowing for early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), risk stratification and monitoring of therapy in patients with high cardiovascular risk. It also may allow to monitor the response to antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid or P2Y12 antagonists. Isolation and detection of EVs have been recently standardized, allowing for further development of research on these promising biomarkers. EV-based tests might eventually be implemented into every-day clinical practice as well as in multicenter clinical trials.The methods of extracorporeal elimination remain a particularly useful therapy of selected, most severe intoxications caused by drugs and other chemical substances. The hemodialysis (HD) is the most commonly used therapy, which results from the widest availability of this method. However, due to the gradual spread of modern continuous dialysis techniques, continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) in particular creates a new opportunity of treatment of severe intoxications - especially in patients with cardiovascular complications. The review of literature dealing with the experience in using continuous methods of treatment of selected severe intoxications is presented in the article. Taking into account a lack of analyses assessing the efficacy of different toxicological methods used in large populations of patients, the experiences are mainly based on individual case reports. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Ubenimex(Bestatin).html The presented data indicate that CVVHD may be treated as the preferred method of treatment of severe intoxications in hemodynamically unstable patients. Moreover, CVVHD may be useful as a continuation of therapy following the initial HD treatment.A treated patient with heart failure (HF), whose signs and symptoms have remained generally unchanged for at least 1 month is said to be 'stable'. Majority of patients with heart failure who are properly treated complain of slight symptoms described as functional class I and II NYHA. There is a belief that oligosymptomatic patients with heart failure have a good prognosis. Nevertheless, results of registries and randomized trials (e.g. ESC-HF-LT-R, CHARM, EMPHASIS-HF, PARADIGM-HF) disclosed that there is high risk of death and hospitalization for heart failure. Consequently, risk of every patient with heart failure should be evaluated with the use of validated scales - for example MAGGIC. Even in mild symptoms, remodeling of a left ventricle and dysfunction of the heart is progressing. It was revealed in the TRED-HF trial that withdrawal of guideline-directed medical therapy causes deterioration of clinical state in patients who were devoid of HF symptoms and presented improvement of echocardiographic parameters (left ventricle ejection fraction, left ventricle end diastolic volume) and laboratory parameters (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide).