This study used a Social network analysis (SNA) approach to describe HIV transmission and venue affiliations among social and sexual networks of young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in Houston, TX. A total of 34 YMSM indices aged 18-23 years and 23 of their network members were interviewed about their social and sexual networks and venues at which they met and spent time. Participants reported information on 220 friends (mean age = 25.3 years) and 112 sexual partners (mean age = 26.3 years). Participants spent time with friends and sexual partners at similar venues but relied more heavily on social media and dating applications to meet sexual partners. Participants lived in zip codes consistent with high concentrations of HIV positivity. Popularly frequented clubs/gay bars were often 10-20 miles away, also in zip codes with high densities of seropositivity. Both friendship and sexual networks are large, diffuse, and not limited by geography. Participants came from areas with high rates of HIV/AIDS. The venues at which participants recruited sexual partners may present increased opportunities for HIV transmission. HIV prevention interventions should focus on the heightened risk of unknown HIV serostatus. Both friendship and sexual networks are large, diffuse, and not limited by geography. Participants came from areas with high rates of HIV/AIDS. The venues at which participants recruited sexual partners may present increased opportunities for HIV transmission. HIV prevention interventions should focus on the heightened risk of unknown HIV serostatus. Preclinical data implicate large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK ) channels in the pathogenesis of headache and migraine, but the exact role of these channels is still unknown. Here, we investigated whether opening of BK channels would cause headache and vascular effects in healthy volunteers. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 21 healthy volunteers aged 18-39 years were randomly allocated to receive an intravenous infusion of 0.05 mg/min BK channel opener MaxiPost and placebo on two different days. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ru58841.html The primary endpoints were the difference in incidence of headache and the difference in area under the curve (AUC) for headache intensity scores (0-12 hours) and for middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (V ) (0-2 hours) between MaxiPost and placebo. The secondary endpoints were the differences in area under the curve for superficial temporal artery and radial artery diameter (0-2 hours) between MaxiPost and placebo. Twenty participants completed the study. Eighteen participants (90%) developed headache after MaxiPost compared with six (30%) after placebo (  = 0.0005); the difference of incidence is 60% (95% confidence interval 36-84%). The area under the curve for headache intensity (AUC ,  = 0.0003), for mean V (AUC ,  = 0.0001), for superficial temporal artery diameter (AUC ,  = 0.003), and for radial artery diameter (AUC ,  = 0.03) were significantly larger after MaxiPost compared to placebo. MaxiPost caused headache and dilation in extra- and intracerebral arteries. Our findings suggest a possible role of BK channels in headache pathophysiology in humans. ClinicalTrials.gov, ID NCT03887325. MaxiPost caused headache and dilation in extra- and intracerebral arteries. Our findings suggest a possible role of BKCa channels in headache pathophysiology in humans. ClinicalTrials.gov, ID NCT03887325. Calcitonin gene-related peptide plays a key role in cluster headache pathophysiology. It is released from the trigeminal nerve, which also innervates the eye. In this study, we tested if tear fluid calcitonin gene-related peptide measurement detects elevated calcitonin gene-related peptide levels in cluster headache patients compared to controls. Calcitonin gene-related peptide concentration in tear fluid and plasma of 16 active episodic and 11 chronic cluster headache patients (all outside acute attacks) and 60 controls were assessed using ELISA. Cluster headache patients without use of attack abortive medication in the last 48 h showed significantly elevated tear fluid calcitonin gene-related peptide levels (1.78 ± 1.57 ng/ml, n = 17) compared to healthy controls (0.79 ± 0.74 ng/ml,  = 0.003) and compared to cluster headache patients who had used attack abortive medication in the last 48 h (0.84 ± 1.40 ng/ml, n = 10,  = 0.022). High calcitonin gene-related peptide levels in cluster headache patienatients have increased calcitonin gene-related peptide levels in tear fluid compared to healthy subjects, which are reduced to control levels after intake of attack abortive medication. Calcitonin gene-related peptide measurement in tear fluid is non-invasive, and has the advantage of allowing direct access to calcitonin gene-related peptide released from the trigeminal nerve.Edible films and coatings have recently received growing attention in the food packaging sector due to their protective ability from the external environment and biodegradability characteristic. Generally, any layer of biomaterial incorporated into food to prolong its shelf-life and that can be consumed along with the food with or without further peeling is defined as an edible film or coating. These biodegradable films improve mechanical properties, moisture and gas barriers, microbial protection, sensory perception, and the shelf-life of food products. In particular, films obtained from polysaccharides are characterized by better gas barrier properties, whereas proteins are known for their excellent mechanical properties. However, both polysaccharides and proteins show poor water barrier properties in films which can be improved by incorporating lipids as well as combining one or more hydrocolloids (proteins and polysaccharides). Moreover, essential oils (EOs) consist mainly of volatile components obtained from plants, which can be added to the film to improve antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. On the other hand, fishery products are highly perishable due to the combined action of chemical reaction, lipid oxidation, endogenous enzymes, and microbial growth. Cold storage and freezing with or without vacuum packaging are often used to preserve fishery products, but they do not always completely preserve quality. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the components and chemistry of edible films and coatings, and their application to aquatic food for quality preservation. Moreover, deterioration of aquatic food and how these films and coatings can improve antimicrobial, antioxidant, physical, and sensory properties are also discussed.