We analyzed cortical landmarks, trajectory of approach, and various fiber tracts in the vicinity of our earlier described approach through the orbital/basal surface of the frontal lobe to access tumors located in the region of the caudate nucleus. We also present a new lateral orbital trajectory to approach these tumors. The orbital surfaces of 3 formalin fixed and frozen cadaveric brain specimens were dissected to decipher the white fibers in the region of the caudate nucleus. Safe trajectories to lesions of the head of the caudate nucleus were identified, and the anatomic landmarks of the approach were evaluated. Three patients with caudate head tumors were operated using this approach. The caudate head lies at an average distance of 34 mm from the tip of the frontal pole, 24 mm from the basal medial orbital surface of the frontal lobe, 35 mm from the basal lateral orbital surface, and 37 mm from the superior surface of the frontal lobe. Two avenues were identified to approach the caudate head one by making a cortical incision in the lateral orbital gyrus (lateral orbital approach), and the second by making a corticectomy in the medial orbital gyrus (medial orbital approach) in line with the temporal pole. All 3 patients were operated successfully using this approach. Surgical approach to the caudate head through the orbital surface of the frontal lobe as described by us provides the shortest trajectory and safe surgical route to access tumors of the caudate nucleus. Surgical approach to the caudate head through the orbital surface of the frontal lobe as described by us provides the shortest trajectory and safe surgical route to access tumors of the caudate nucleus. At present, gamma knife radiosurgery plays an important role in neurosurgical procedures. Gamma knife radiosurgery has been used to treat many types of brain tumors and as a functional intervention. However, gamma knife treatment has a devastating effect on the normal brain parenchyma surrounding the target point. It causes increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, and swelling in endothelial cells. Ozone has antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects in the body. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ad-8007.html Thus, we evaluated the radioprotective effects of ozone in rats undergoing gamma knife radiation. In the present study, 24 Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 250-300 g in 3 groups of 8 rats each were used. The rats were selected randomly. The control group did not receive any gamma knife radiation. The other 2 groups received 50 Gy of radiation, with 1 group given ozone treatment and the other group not given ozone treatment after gamma knife radiosurgery. At 12 weeks after gamma knife radiation, the rats were sacrificed with high-dose anesthetic agents and the tissues prepared for evaluation. The slides were evaluated for necrosis, vacuolization, glial proliferation, and vascular proliferation using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (also known as CD147) were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. VEGF expression in glial tissue was significantly less in the group receiving ozone (χ = 15.00; df= 4; P= 0.005) compared with the group that had not received ozone and was similar to the expression in the control group. The lower expression of VEGF in the group receiving ozone might cause less edema in the surrounding tissue owing to less degradation of vascular permeability in the rat brain tissue. The lower expression of VEGF in the group receiving ozone might cause less edema in the surrounding tissue owing to less degradation of vascular permeability in the rat brain tissue. This study aimed to explore the clinical application of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in the surgical treatment of congenital scoliosis caused by hemivertebrae. Twenty-four patients (11 in the 3D-printing group and 13 in the conventional group) with scoliosis secondary to a single hemivertebra were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent hemivertebrectomy and short-segment fixation. Virtual preoperative planning, operation simulation, and intraoperative application of 3D-printed patient-specific templates were performed in the 3D-printing group. Hemorrhage volume, operation time, transfusion, and complications were noted. Radiographic parameters were evaluated preoperatively, postoperatively, and at final follow-up. All patients had different degrees of successfully corrected scoliosis. There was a similar correction of the Cobb angle postoperatively between the 2 groups. The operation time, blood loss, transfusion, time for the insertion of each screw, accuracy of screw placement, and complication rate in the 3D-printing group were significantly superior to those in the control group. No patient experienced major complications. No significant correction loss or instrument dysfunction was observed during follow-up. As a viable and effective auxiliary technology, 3D printing makes it possible for surgery to meet both surgeon-specific and patient-specific requirements. 3D-printed individualized templates allow surgery for the correction of congenital scoliosis to enter a new stage of personalized precision surgery. As a viable and effective auxiliary technology, 3D printing makes it possible for surgery to meet both surgeon-specific and patient-specific requirements. 3D-printed individualized templates allow surgery for the correction of congenital scoliosis to enter a new stage of personalized precision surgery. To examine changes in lifestyle behaviors early in the COVID-19 pandemic among pregnant women. A cross-sectional internet-based survey was completed by 706 pregnant women (mean age 29.6 years ± 3.2) residing in the United States in May 2020 to assess self-reported changes in diet, physical activity, and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic. Logistic regression analyses examined whether sociodemographic, clinical, and pandemic-related characteristics were associated with health behavior changes. Approximately 17% of women reported their diets worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic, 42% reported improvements, and 41% reported no change. For physical activity, 22% reported they stopped being active, 2% reported they became active, and 76% reported no change. Nearly one-third of participants reported getting less sleep. The factors consistently associated with adverse lifestyle changes (worse diet, stopped being active, and reduced sleep) were experiences of pregnancy complications, loss of income due to COVID-19, and changes in social connections due to COVID-19.