We demonstrate that the proposed cGAN approach results in estimated Stokes imagery that is comparable to full-resolution ground truth imagery from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective.Anomalous redshift of the absorption peak of graphene in the cavity system is numerically and experimentally demonstrated. It is observed that the absorption peak exhibits a redshift as the Fermi level of graphene increases, which is contrary to the ordinary trend of graphene plasmons. The influencing factors, including the electron mobility of graphene, the cavity length, and the ribbon width, are comprehensively analyzed. Such anomalous redshift can be explained by the competition between the graphene plasmon mode and the optical cavity mode. The study herein could be beneficial for the design of graphene-based plasmonic devices.Adaptive optics (AO) based ophthalmic imagers, such as scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (SLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), are used to evaluate the structure and function of the retina with high contrast and resolution. Fixational eye movements during a raster-scanned image acquisition lead to intra-frame and intra-volume distortion, resulting in an inaccurate reproduction of the underlying retinal structure. For three-dimensional (3D) AO-OCT, segmentation-based and 3D correlation based registration methods have been applied to correct eye motion and achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio registered volume. This involves first selecting a reference volume, either manually or automatically, and registering the image/volume stream against the reference using correlation methods. However, even within the chosen reference volume, involuntary eye motion persists and affects the accuracy with which the 3D retinal structure is finally rendered. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/srt2104-gsk2245840.html In this article, we introduced reference volume distortion correction for AO-OCT using 3D correlation based registration and demonstrate a significant improvement in registration performance via a few metrics. Conceptually, the general paradigm follows that developed previously for intra-frame distortion correction for 2D raster-scanned images, as in an AOSLO, but extended here across all three spatial dimensions via 3D correlation analyses. We performed a frequency analysis of eye motion traces before and after intra-volume correction and revealed how periodic artifacts in eye motion estimates are effectively reduced upon correction. Further, we quantified how the intra-volume distortions and periodic artifacts in the eye motion traces, in general, decrease with increasing AO-OCT acquisition speed. Overall, 3D correlation based registration with intra-volume correction significantly improved the visualization of retinal structure and estimation of fixational eye movements.Controlling the temporal mode shape of quantum light pulses has wide ranging application to quantum information science and technology. Techniques have been developed to control the bandwidth, allow shifting in the time and frequency domains, and perform mode-selective beam-splitter-like transformations. However, there is no present scheme to perform targeted multimode unitary transformations on temporal modes. Here we present a practical approach to realize general transformations for temporal modes. We show theoretically that any unitary transformation on temporal modes can be performed using a series of phase operations in the time and frequency domains. Numerical simulations show that several key transformations on temporal modes can be performed with greater than 95% fidelity using experimentally feasible specifications.In this paper, we describe the study of the faithful propagation of entangled orbital angular momentum states of light under atmospheric turbulence. The spatial mode is encoded in the Ince-Gauss modes that constitute a complete family of exact and orthogonal solutions of the paraxial wave equation in an elliptic coordinate system. Adaptive optics is employed to protect the entanglement from degradation, in which the threshold of turbulence strength could be enhanced for a reliable entanglement distribution. We find that the evolution of entanglements relies on ellipticity and shows the opposite trend when adopting adaptive optics. The turbulence strengths, at which the concurrences of various entangled states become zero, are different without adaptive optics but almost the same with adaptive optics. The trace of the density matrix is independent of the different ellipticity with or without adaptive optics. We believe that this investigation is useful for long-distance quantum communications and quantum networks using orbital angular momentum as information carriers.All-dielectric meta-surfaces composed of dielectric meta-atoms with electric and magnetic multipole resonances provide a low loss alternative to plasmonic meta-surfaces in some optical research fields such as meta-lens and meta-surface holography. We utilize the digital holography lithography technique to obtain the large area meta-surface perfect reflector made of high refractive index and low loss silicon discs arrays, with the capability to delicately control the optical response in the near infrared spectrum. Three types of meta-surface reflectors (discs, truncated cones and diamond-shaped discs) were fabricated, which correspondingly exhibited nearly 1 peak reflectance and greater than 97% average reflectance in their respective perfect reflectance spectral regions. Digital holography lithography only takes 4 min to fabricate millions of photoresist disks over an area of 100 mm2, which is high processing efficiency and low cost. The fabrication strategy opens a new avenue for the production of large-area meta-surfaces in the optical field, especially in the mass production of optical communication devices, semiconductor lasers, etc.We experimentally demonstrate a high-speed lateral PIN junction configuration germanium photodetector (Ge-PD) with 4-directional light input. The typical internal responsivity is about 1.23 A/W at 1550 nm with 98% quantum efficiency and dark current 4 nA at 1V reverse-bias voltage. The equivalent circuit model and theoretical 3-dB opto-electrical (OE) bandwidth of Ge-PD are extracted and calculated, respectively. Compared to the conventional lateral PIN Ge-PD with 1-directional light input, our proposed device features uniform optical field distribution in the absorption region, which will be benefit to realize high-power and high-speed operation. In particular, in the condition of 0.8 mA photocurrent, the measured 3-dB OE bandwidth is about 17 GHz at bias voltage of -8 V which is well matched to the theoretical estimated bandwidth. With additional digital pre-compensations provided by the Keysight arbitrary waveform generator (AWG), the root raised cosine (RRC) filter and roll-off factor of 0.65 are employed at transmitter (TX) side without utilizing any offline digital signal processing (DSP) at receiver (RX) side.