Exercise is an important part of therapy in the prenatal and postnatal period. To summarize current knowledge concerning cesarean scar defects and itsmanifestation, diagnostics and treatment possibilities. Review. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove. Research from available literature works and studies regarding facts about cesarean scar defects. Cesarean scar defect is one of known complication after cesarean section which has become more common in consequence of rising cesarean delivery rate. It is associated with sundry gynecological and obstetric difficulties like abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, infertility, cesarean scar defect pregnancy or uterine rupture. The most common diagnostic way is using transvaginal ultrasound, sonohysterography or hysteroscopy. Treatment choice is due to asize of cesarean scar defect and also pregnancy planning. Alternatives of treatment including hormonal contraception and various surgery such as hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, laparotomy and transvaginal procedures. Cesarean scar defect is one of known complication after cesarean section which has become more common in consequence of rising cesarean delivery rate. It is associated with sundry gynecological and obstetric difficulties like abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, infertility, cesarean scar defect pregnancy or uterine rupture. The most common diagnostic way is using transvaginal ultrasound, sonohysterography or hysteroscopy. Treatment choice is due to a size of cesarean scar defect and also pregnancy planning. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sgi-110.html Alternatives of treatment including hormonal contraception and various surgery such as hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, laparotomy and transvaginal procedures. To summarize the possibilities of the genetic analysis of hydatidiform moles and point out its perspectives in the diagnostics of this disease. Review. Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Analysis of published literature data from the internet databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and printed literature from the period 1963-2019. This review refers on karyotyping, flow cytometry, FISH (Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization), VNTR-RFLP analysis (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), VNTR-PCR analysis (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats-Polymerase Chain Reaction) and STR (Short Tandem Repeat) genotyping of hydatidiform moles. The article summarizes possible application of these methods in the differential diagnostics of molar pregnancy (partial and complete hydatidiform moles) and nonmolar hydropic abortions. Genetic analyses offer precise identification of types of molar pregnancies when histopathological diagnosis is not clear during early stages of pathology. Genetic analyses offer precise identification of types of molar pregnancies when histopathological diagnosis is not clear during early stages of pathology. An overview of urinary incontinence issues after vaginal delivery versus instrumental delivery. A review article. Compilation of published data from scientific literature. Ústav pro studium odborných předmětů a praktických dovedností, Fakulta zdravotnických věd, Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci. Centrum vědy a výzkumu, Fakulta zdravotnických věd, Univerzita Palackého vOlomouci. Pregnancy and childbirth can lead to injuries of the pelvic floor muscles. The age of the firstborn in the pelvic floor disorders is similar to that of the end of pregnancy. Surgical vaginal delivery is an important part of modern obstetric practice. This serves to facilitate the delivery of the head. Includes vacuumextraction (VEX) and forceps. Forceps-assisted delivery has a lower failure rate than vacuum-assisted delivery but is associated with a higher incidence of maternal pelvic floor trauma. Pregnancy and childbirth can lead to injuries of the pelvic floor muscles. The age of the firstborn in the pelvic floor disorders is similar to that of the end of pregnancy. Surgical vaginal delivery is an important part of modern obstetric practice. This serves to facilitate the delivery of the head. Includes vacuumextraction (VEX) and forceps. Forceps-assisted delivery has a lower failure rate than vacuum-assisted delivery but is associated with a higher incidence of maternal pelvic floor trauma. To summarize current knowledge about the composition and function of the vernix caseoza with respect to the prenatal and postnatal period. Summary article. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove. According to current knowledge about composition, vernix caseoza consists of desquamate cells from outer layers of epidermidis with proteolipid material. The formation of vernix caseoza is related to the formation of the fetal skin. The lipid content protects a fetus from maceration with amniotic fluid. Vernix caseoza further enhance the process of adaptation during the transition of a newborn from intrauterine to postnatal life. During delivery, vernix caseoza serves mainly as lubricant function. In a postpartum period, verxic caseoza may have moisturizing, antiinflammatory, antioxidative and healing function. According to current knowledge about composition, vernix caseoza consists of desquamate cells from outer layers of epidermidis with proteolipid material. The formation of vernix caseoza is related to the formation of the fetal skin. The lipid content protects a fetus from maceration with amniotic fluid. Vernix caseoza further enhance the process of adaptation during the transition of a newborn from intrauterine to postnatal life. During delivery, vernix caseoza serves mainly as lubricant function. In a postpartum period, verxic caseoza may have moisturizing, antiinflammatory, antioxidative and healing function. Description of diagnosis of 45,X/46,XY ovotesticular DSD. Case report. Department of Medical Genetics, KZ a.s., Masaryk Hospital, Ústí nad Labem. 45,X/46,XY ovotesticular DSD is a diagnosis, which in this case was detected by chromosomal examination was performed, in which the child showed karyotype 45,X[2]/46,XY[8] - a pathological male karyotype correlated with the syndrome 45,X/46,XY ovotesticular DSD (disorder of sexual development). At the same time, a variant of chromosome 1045,X,inv(10) (p11q21.2)/46,XY,inv(10)(p11q21.2) was detected. The phenotype of patients with mosaic karyotype 45,X/46,XY ranges in a wide range from the female phenotype with classical Turner syndrome, through individuals with ambiguous genitals to normal but infertile men. Thus, both Turners syndrome and virilization can be expected. Gonads are usually dysgenetic with insufficiently differentiated testicular tissue, which can occur in both gonads (mixed gonadal dysgenesis) or only in one (asymmetric gonadal dysgenesis). With this type of gonadal dysgenesis, there is a risk of gonadoblastoma or other tumors.