A combination of imaging and culture-based microbial identification techniques revealed that the adsorbed particles exerted antimicrobial effects, but resulted in an overall increase of microbial abundance, without any change in heterotrophic microbial activity, as inferred based on carbon substrate utilization. This effect persisted upon hatching, since larvae from particle-exposed eggs still comprised higher microbial abundance than larvae that hatched from control eggs. Notably, pathogenic aeromonads tolerated the antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticles. Overall, our results show that the adsorption of suspended antimicrobial nanoparticles on aquatic eggs can have cascading effects across different life stages of oviparous animals. Our study furthermore suggests that aggregation dynamics may occur that could facilitate the dispersal of pathogenic bacteria through aquatic ecosystems.Arsenic (As) contamination in the sediments has received increasing attention, but its transfer and bioavailability to benthic infauna remain much less well known. In the present study, we deployed the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to quantify the different As speciation in the overlying water and porewater, and assessed the exposure pathway, transfer and bioavailability of different As species in an infaunal clam Sinonovacula constricta. We demonstrated a very dynamic transformation and exposure of As in the sediment-water-clam microcosm. In such microcosm, arsenite [As(III)] in the overlying water, pore water and sediments was almost oxidized to arsenate [As(V)]. Conversely, the accumulated As(V) in the clams was reduced to As(III), followed by methylation to dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), whereas the overall conversion of toxic inorganic As species to less-toxic arsenobetaine (AsB) was much poor in the clams. Moreover, biotransformation depended on the As accumulation level. As(III) was the predominant As species in the control and the Low As treatment clam, whereas DMA was the predominant As species in the High As treatment clam. Significant and positive correlations were found between As(V) concentrations in the clams and those in DGT-labile As in overlying water/pore water, as well as between the DMA and As(V) concentrations in the clams and those in the sediment. DMA and As(V) in the sediments was much more bioavailable to the clams than inorganic As [As(III)] and AsB. Moreover, As(III) and As(V) in the overlying water and pore water, as well as DMA and As(V) in the sediments displayed high migration ability. Coupled DGT technology and biotransformation study therefore suggested that metabolism of ingested As species as well as ingestion and retention of DMA resulted in high DMA bioaccumulation in clams.Arsenic pollution is a common threat to aquatic ecosystems. The effects of chronic exposure to arsenite on the brains of aquatic organisms are unknown. This study was designed to evaluate arsenic-induced brain damage in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the ameliorating effects of divalent zinc ion (Zn2+) supplementation from the aspects of oxidative stress (OxS), tight junction (TJ), apoptosis and autophagy. After arsenite exposure (2.83 mg/L) for 30 days, oxidative damage to the brain was determined, as indicated by inhibited antioxidants system (catalase-superoxide dismutase system, and glutathione system) and elevated levels of biomacromolecule peroxidation (malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine). Moreover, we also found functional damage to the brain as suggested by injuries to the blood-brain barrier (decreases in tight junction) and nerve conduction (depletion of AChE). Mechanisticly, apoptotic and autophagic cell death were indicated by typical morphologies including karyopyknosis and autophagosome, accompanying by key bio-indicators (Bcl-2, caspase and autophagy related gene family proteins). In contrast, the coadministration of Zn2+ (1 mg/L) with arsenite effectively alleviated this damage as suggested by the recovery of the aforementioned bioindicators. This study provides new insight into the brain toxicity caused by arsenite and suggests the application of zinc preparations in the aquatic pollution of arsenic.Organizations are intrinsically involved in climate change - both in its causes and its solutions - and there has been a growing interest in the microfactors and macrofactors that affect employee green behaviour. On an employee level, the literature stresses the importance of values and self-concordance. On an organizational level, in contrast, recent developments emphasize environmental dynamic capabilities, leadership and human resource management practices such as training. However, an interplay between such microfactors and macrofactors suggests that organizational initiatives do not work uniformly but depend on employees' environmentalism. We thus highlight the need for a dynamic systems perspective in researching all types of employee green behaviour in organizations.Tissue-resident stem cells (SCs) are critical players in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. SCs reside in complex and uniquely anatomically organized microenvironments (SC niches), that carefully control SC lineage outputs depending on localized tissue needs. Upon environmental perturbations and tissue stressors, SCs respond and restore the tissue to homeostasis, as well as protect it from secondary assaults. Critical to this function are two key processes, SC lineage plasticity and SC memory. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/abr-238901.html In this review, we delineate the multifactorial determinants and key principles underlining these two remarkable SC behaviors. Understanding lineage plasticity and SC memory will be critical not only to design new regenerative therapies but also to determine how these processes are altered in a multitude of pathologies such as cancer and chronic tissue damage.During development, discrete cell fates are established in precise spatiotemporal order guided by morphogen signals. These signals converge in the nucleus to induce transcriptional and epigenetic programming that determines cell fate. Once cell identity is established, cell programs have to be accurately sustained through multiple rounds of cell division, during which DNA replication serves as a window of opportunity for altering cell fate. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular players that underlie epigenetic memory of cell fate decisions, with a particular focus on histone modifications and mitotic bookmarking factors. We also discuss the different mechanisms of inheritance of repressed and active chromatin states.