53%, which is compared with the classification results obtained by the single-scale spatial spectral synthetic nuclear method, the original spatial spectral synthetic nuclear method and the wavelength segmented synthetic nuclear method, the effective classification accuracy with this method was increased by 7.56%. The results prove that this method can effectively solve the problems of the lack of adaptability of the image spectrum and the lack of comprehensive spectral information and can significantly improve the accuracy of land use classification.The COVID-19 outbreak, designated a "pandemic" by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020, has spread worldwide rapidly. Each country implemented prevention and control strategies, mainly classified as SARS LCS (SARS-like containment strategy) or PAIN LMS (pandemic influenza-like mitigation strategy). The reasons for variation in each strategy's efficacy in controlling COVID-19 epidemics were unclear and are investigated in this paper. On the basis of the daily number of confirmed local (imported) cases and onset-to-confirmation distributions for local cases, we initially estimated the daily number of local (imported) illness onsets by a deconvolution method for mainland China, South Korea, Japan and Spain, and then estimated the effective reproduction numbers R t by using a Bayesian method for each of the four countries. China and South Korea adopted a strict SARS LCS, to completely block the spread via lockdown, strict travel restrictions and by detection and isolation of patients, which led to persistent declines in effective reproduction numbers. In contrast, Japan and Spain adopted a typical PAIN LMS to mitigate the spread via maintaining social distance, self-quarantine and isolation etc., which reduced the R t values but with oscillations around 1. The finding suggests that governments may need to consider multiple factors such as quantities of medical resources, the likely extent of the public's compliance to different intensities of intervention measures, and the economic situation to design the most appropriate policies to fight COVID-19 epidemics.A prototype SIR model with vaccination at birth is analyzed in terms of the stability of its endemic equilibrium. The information available on the disease influences the parents' decision on whether vaccinate or not. This information is modeled with a delay according to the Erlang distribution. https://www.selleckchem.com/CDK.html The latter includes the degenerate case of fading memory as well as the limiting case of concentrated memory. The linear chain trick is the essential tool used to investigate the general case. Besides its novel analysis and that of the concentrated case, it is showed that through the linear chain trick a distributed delay approaches a discrete delay at a linear rate. A rigorous proof is given in terms of the eigenvalues of the associated linearized problems and extension to general models is also provided. The work is completed with several computations and relevant experimental results.Hemorrhagic shock is a form of hypovolemic shock determined by rapid and large loss of intravascular blood volume and represents the first cause of death in the world, whether on the battlefield or in civilian traumatology. For this, the ability to prevent hemorrhagic shock remains one of the greatest challenges in the medical and engineering fields. The use of mathematical models of the cardiocirculatory system has improved the capacity, on one hand, to predict the risk of hemorrhagic shock and, on the other, to determine efficient treatment strategies. In this paper, a comparison between two mathematical models that simulate several hemorrhagic scenarios is presented. The models considered are the Guyton and the Zenker model. In the vast panorama of existing cardiovascular mathematical models, we decided to compare these two models because they seem to be at the extremes as regards the complexity and the detail of information that they analyze. The Guyton model is a complex and highly structured model that represents a milestone in the study of the cardiovascular system; the Zenker model is a more recent one, developed in 2007, that is relatively simple and easy to implement. The comparison between the two models offers new prospects for the improvement of mathematical models of the cardiovascular system that may prove more effective in the study of hemorrhagic shock.Social organization is a key aspect of animal ecology, closely interlinked with all aspects of animal behaviour. The structure of animal assemblages is highly diverse, both within and between species. The complexity and variety of social systems and the dynamic nature of interactions and dependencies between members of social groups have long been major obstacles for developing operational characterizations of social organization. Here, social network analysis, a set of statistical tools rooted in graph theory, suggests itself as a potential solution for this problem, by offering quantitative measures for various aspects of social relationships. In this review I will first introduce network analysis as a tool to characterize the social organization of animal groups and population and, then, focus on the application of this method for epidemiological modelling, specifically the prediction of spreading patterns of pathogens in livestock and its potential for informing targeted surveillance and planning of intervention measures.This paper proposes an optimization model for the integrated aircraft flight scheduling and routing problem, which allows a simultaneous determination of the departure time of each flight trip and assignment of a set of aircraft located at different airports to perform all flight trips. The proposed model envisages that each flight trip is covered by its own particular aircraft type or a larger airplane. Further, departure and arrival times of each flight trip are within a flexible time window in its aircraft's route and origin/destination airports, and the number of airplanes firstly distributed in the base airports is fully accounted for in the model. The model not only can effectively minimize weighted operation costs for the number of airplanes and the total idle time for adjacent flight trips covered by an aircraft, but also can maximize the number of transported passengers. This paper further presents a two-stage heuristic approach based on the ant colony optimization algorithm, which efficiently finds the most acceptable solutions.