Post-trabeculectomy inflammatory reaction is more evident than Xen 45 Gel Stent associated surgical procedures, but less than medical therapy where a conspicuous presence of Langerhans cells, peri-neural infiltrates, marked loss of goblet cells and fibrosis is visible. Conclusion Ocular surface inflammation was more notable in topical therapy than after trabeculectomy, which itself causes more inflammation than XEN Gel stents. © The Author(s) 2020.An 18-year-old male adolescent diagnosed with ileocolitis-type Crohn's disease received therapy involving an anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) blocker, which resulted in remission for 2 years. The patient presented with fever, stomatitis, and cough with respiratory distress. Chest radiography revealed bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy; bronchoalveolar lavage showed high lymphocyte level 40.8% and CD4/8 value 3.9. Transbronchial lung biopsy identified multiple non-caseating granulomas fused to each other with connective tissue septa, leading to the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The sarcoidosis was defined as a paradoxical adverse event (PAE) due to the use of TNF-α blocker; therefore, cessation of TNF-α blocker administration was sufficient to induce remission. We report a rare case of PAE on Crohn's disease. The characteristics and distinguishing histologies of PAE and Crohn's disease are described. Biological agent therapy has been reported to cause several PAEs during the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. PAEs are defined as pathological conditions that occur during biological agent therapy usually effective in treatment. The laboratory, radiography, and histological findings shown in this case are useful for differential diagnosis and management of PAE. 2020 Annals of Translational Medicine. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sodium-bicarbonate.html All rights reserved.Bronchial asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Although its pathogenic mechanism remains unknown, it is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The emergence and application of proteomic technologies can help to facilitate analysis of the changes in transcription factors, inflammatory mediators, chemokines, cytokines, and cell apoptosis-and proliferation-related proteins in the pathological processes of asthma. Proteomic technologies can unearth prospects and theoretical bases for improved understanding of the biological mechanism of asthma and effective identification of diagnostic and therapeutic targets. 2020 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.There is a high risk of injury from damage to the force-bearing tissue of the tendon. Due to its poor self-healing ability, clinical interventions for tendon injuries are limited and yield unsatisfying results. Tissue engineering might supply an alternative to this obstacle. As one of the key elements of tissue engineering, various cell sources have been used for tendon engineering, but there is no consensue concerning a single optimal source. In this review, we summarized the development of tendon tissue from the embryonic stage and categorized the used cell sources in tendon engineering. By comparing various cell sources as the candidates for tendon regeneration, each cell type was found to have its advantages and limitations; therefore, it is difficult to define the best cell source for tendon engineering. The microenvironment cells located is also crucial for cell growth and differentiation; so, the optimal cells are unlikely to be the same for each patient. In the future, the clinical application of tendon engineering might be more precise and customized in contrast to the current use of a standardized/generic one-size-fits-all procedure. The best cell source for tendon engineering will require a case-based assessment. 2020 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.Optimal acetabular cup orientation is of substantial importance to good long-term function and low complication rates after total hip arthroplasty (THA). The radiographic anteversion (RA) and inclination (RI) angles of the cup are typically studied due to the practicability, simplicity, and ease of interpretation of their measurements. A great number of methods have been developed to date, most of which have been performed on pelvic or hip anteroposterior radiographs. However, there are primarily two influencing factors for these methods X-ray offset and pelvic rotation. In addition, there are three types of pelvic rotations about the transverse, longitudinal, and anteroposterior axes of the body. Their effects on the RA and RI angles of the cup are interactively correlated with the position and true orientation of the cup. To date, various fitted or analytical models have been established to disclose the correlations between the X-ray offset and pelvic rotation and the RA and RI angles of the cup. Most of th future. 2020 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.Atlantoaxial dislocation could be caused by odontoid fractures or Os odontoideum. The previous surgical techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation were based on arch remove decompression or anterior atlantoaxial release and atlantoaxial (occipital-cervical) screw fixation-based reduction and fusion. However, for some clinical situations, all of above techniques cannot be applied. In this study, a patient with atlantoaxial dislocation caused by Os odontoideum treated by posterior occipitocervical fusion 20 years ago and failed. We design a novel anterior decompression through transoral axis slide and rotation osteotomy for salvage of this failed posterior occipitocervical fusion case. The C2 body and odontoid process was ventrally slide and rotation at good position after operation as well as the position of plate and screws, the spinal canal was increased significantly after operation too. We suggest this anterior decompression through transoral "C2 slide and rotation" technique is good choice for salvage of failed posterior occipitocervical fusion and some irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation because of the anterior bony fusion, it could direct decompress the spinal cord anteriorly, avoid the odontoid resection, and is feasible and safe technique. 2020 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.