To make a holistic, comprehensive analysis of scientific publications on the subject of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) between 1980 and 2019 using bibliometric methods, and by determining global research trends, to establish an important resource for future studies. All the scientific documents were accessed which had the key word "vesicoureteral reflux" in the "Title" section in the Web of Science (WoS) database between 1980 and 2019. Using bibliometric methods, articles related to VUR (access date20.08.2020) were analyzed. VOS viewer software was used to visualize the bibliometric network. A total of 2549 publications related to VUR were identified in literature, of which 1387 were articles. There was observed to be a generally increasing trend in the number of articles. According to the results of the regression analysis, the number of articles is expected to increase to 54 in 2020, and to 63 by 2029. The 5 most productive countries were seen to be the USA, Turkey, Japan, Italy and Germany. The 5 journals contributing most to the literature were the Journal of Urology (397), Urology (86), Journal of Pediatric Urology (75), Pediatric Nephrology (64) and European Urology (37). The number of publications on the subject of VUR is expected to continue increasing in the next 10 years. This study, which has provided a detailed and comprehensive analysis of articles related to VUR, can be considered a useful guide for future studies by physicians and researchers. The number of publications on the subject of VUR is expected to continue increasing in the next 10 years. This study, which has provided a detailed and comprehensive analysis of articles related to VUR, can be considered a useful guide for future studies by physicians and researchers.Fetal growth restriction is one of the most common obstetric complications, affecting 7-10% of all pregnancies. Affected fetuses are exposed to an adverse environment in utero during a critical time of development and may face long-term health consequences such as increased cardiovascular risk in adulthood. Growth restricted fetuses develop remodelled hearts with signs of systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Cardiac adaptations are more evident in early severe cases, but also present in late onset fetal growth restriction. Cardiovascular remodelling persists into postnatal life, from the neonatal period to adolescence, encompassing an increased susceptibility to adult disease. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/monomethyl-auristatin-e-mmae.html In this review, we summarize the current evidence on cardiovascular programming associated to fetal growth restriction, its postnatal consequences and potential strategies to reduce their cardiovascular risk.Late-onset FGR is a peculiar condition characterized by the inability for the fetus to reach its growth potential diagnosed from 32 weeks of gestation. Placental insufficiency is among the leading causes of late FGR and is commonly due to a primary maternal cardiovascular non-adaptation potentially leading to fetal decompensation during labor especially once exposed to uterine hyperstimulation. Abnormalities that usually characterize late FGR include reduced fetal growth, decreased amniotic fluid index, and loss of fetal heart rate variability at CTG. Fetal hemodynamics study by Doppler ultrasound significantly improved management of pregnancies affected by fetal growth restriction. A major issue when dealing with pregnancies complicated by late FGR is how to induce these women. Induction of labor (IOL) can be essentially accomplished by pharmacological and non-pharmacological agents. Recent studies suggested that the pregnancies complicated by late FGR should undergo a tailored approach for IOL in view of the higher risk of fetal decompensation following uterine hyperstimulation. The present review aims to provide an up to date on the different types of IOL which can guide clinical management.Late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) accounts for approximately 70-80% of all cases of FGR secondary to uteroplacental insufficiency and is associated with an increased risk of adverse antepartum and perinatal events, which in most instances result from hypoxic insults either present at the onset of labour or supervening during labour as a result of uterine contractions. Labour represents a stressful event for the fetoplacental unit being uterine contractions associated with an up-to 60% reduction of the uteroplacental perfusion. Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring by means of cardiotocography (CTG) currently represents the mainstay for the identification of fetal hypoxia during labour and is recommended for the fetal surveillance in the case of FGR or other conditions associated with an increased risk of hypoxia during labour. In this review we discuss the potential implications of an impaired placental function on the intrapartum adaptation to the hypoxic stress and the role of the CTG and alternative techniques for the intrapartum monitoring of the fetal wellbeing in the context of FGR secondary to uteroplacental insufficiency.There is a strong but complex relationship between fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. According to the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy the co-existence of gestational hypertension and fetal growth restriction identifies pre-eclampsia with no need for other signs of maternal organ impairment. While early-onset fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia are often strictly associated, such association becomes looser in the late preterm and term periods. The incidence of pre-eclampsia decreases dramatically from early preterm fetal growth restriction (39-43%) to late preterm fetal growth restriction (9-32%) and finally to term fetal growth restriction (4-7%). Different placental and cardiovascular mechanism underlie this trend isolated fetal growth restriction has less frequent placental vascular lesions than fetal growth restriction associated with pre-eclampsia; moreover, late preterm and term fetal growth restriction show different patterns of maternal cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance in comparison with pre-eclampsia. Consequently, current strategies for first trimester screening of placental dysfunction, originally implemented for pre-eclampsia, do not perform well for late-onset fetal growth restriction the sensitivity of first trimester combined screening for small-for-gestational age newborns delivered at less than 32 weeks is 56-63%, and progressively decreases for those delivered at 32-36 weeks (43-48%) or at term (21-26%). Moreover, while the test is more sensitive for small-forgestational age associated with pre-eclampsia at any gestational age, its sensitivity is much lower for small-for-gestational age without pre-eclampsia at 32-36 weeks (31-37%) or at term (19-23%).