OBJECTIVE This position paper written by the Hepatitis Expert Team of the Federation of International Societies of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition aimed to systematically evaluate clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), medical consensus and position papers on the use of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in adolescents and children in order to compare recommendations and provide the basis for developing a unified position statement. METHODS MEDLINE, Cochrane-Library, National Guideline Clearinghouse and select websites of relevant societies/organizations were used to identify CPGs, medical consensus and position papers between 2011-2019. RESULTS A total of five documents were analysed three CPGs, one medical consensus and one position paper. All publications were consistent in recommending DAA treatment for adolescents (12-17 years-old) with chronic HCV infection. Similarly, all of these publications consistently recommended deferring therapy for children between 3 and 11 years of age until DAA became available as standard of care. Finally, none of the included publications recommended treating children younger than 3 years old. By contrast, there was significant discrepancy across the retrieved documents regarding specific DAA regimens and treatment strategies. CONCLUSIONS There is strong consensus on treating all adolescents with chronic HCV infection with DAA and on delaying therapy in younger children until these agents are approved for them. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/agk2.html Interferon-based therapies should be avoided. Specific recommendations regarding which DAA regimen to use and treatment duration varied significantly. Key stakeholders need to convene to standardize therapeutic strategies at a global level if we are to eradicate HCV in children.OBJECTIVE Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) provides a long-term solution for tube dependency. Pediatric guidelines recommend prophylactic antibiotic treatment (ABT) based on adult studies. AIM To compare wound infection and other complications in children receiving a PEG with and without prophylactic ABT. METHODS Retrospective study including children 0-18 years undergoing PEG placement. Patients with (2010-2013) and without (2000-2010) ABT were compared with respect to the occurrence of wound infection and other complications. RESULTS In total, 297 patients were included (median age 2.9 years, 53% male). Patients receiving ABT per PEG protocol (n = 78) had a similar wound infection rate (17.9 vs. 21%, p 0.625), significantly less fever (3.8 vs. 14.6%, p 0.013), leakage (0 vs. 9.1%, p 0.003) and shorter hospital admission (2 vs. 4 days, p 0.000), but more overgranulation (28.2 vs. 8.7%, p 0.000) compared to those without (n = 219).Patients receiving any ABT, per PEG protocol or clinical indication (n = 115), had similar occurrence of wound infection (19.1 vs. 20.9%, p 0.768), fever (7.8 vs. 14.3%, p 0.100) and leakage (3.5 vs. 8.8%, p 0.096), a significantly shorter hospital admission (3 vs. 4 days, p 0.000), but more overgranulation (21.7 vs. 8.8%, p 0.003) compared to those without (n = 182). CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic ABT does not seem to reduce the occurrence of wound infection but it might be beneficial with respect to fever, leakage and duration of hospital admission, but not overgranulation. A randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm our results.Global childhood obesity increased more than 8fold over 40 years, inducing a very large personal, societal and economic burden. Effects of available treatments are less than satisfactory, therefore effective prevention is of high priority. In this narrative review, we explore preventive opportunities. The available evidence indicates large benefits of improving nutrition and lifestyle during early life, such as promoting breastfeeding and improving the quality of infant and early childhood feeding. Promoting healthy eating patterns and limiting sugar containing beverage consumption from early childhood onwards are of great benefit. Regular physical activity and limited sedentary lifestyle and screen time alone have limited effects but are valuable elements in effective multicomponent strategies. The home environment is important, particularly for young children, and can be improved by educating and empowering families. School and community based interventions can be effective, such as installing water fountains, improving cafeteria menus and facilitating regular physical activity. Reducing obesogenic risk factors through societal standards is essential for effective prevention and limiting socioeconomic disparity; these may comprise food, drink and physical activity standards for daycares and schools, general food quality standards, front of pack food labelling, taxation of unhealthy foods, restriction of food advertisements to children, and others. Effective prevention of childhood obesity is not achieved by single interventions but by integrated multicomponent approaches involving multiple stakeholders that address children, families and societal standards. Paediatricians and their organisations should be proactive in supporting and empowering families to support their children's health, and in promoting societal measures that protect children.OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of lipotransfer in women presenting with fibrosis and scarring due to lichen sclerosus. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective cohort study included 33 women attending the vulvar clinic of a public hospital. Patients received one lipotransfer treatment. Validated measures were used prospectively to assess the sexual function (Female Sexual Function Index, Female Sexual Distress Scale); symptoms (visual analog scale for itching, burning, soreness), pain (Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale 20); psychological status and quality of life (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Relationship Assessment Scale, Wound Management Questionnaire Revised); physician-based disease signs (Vulvar Architecture Severity Scale). Data were analyzed using paired t test with nonparametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test and unpaired t test with nonparametric Mann-Whitney test (Prism6 Software). RESULTS The mean (SD) follow-up was 12.9 (3.5) months. Sexual function improved after treatment (p less then .