Existing estimations of air pollution from automobile sources are based on either experiments or small-scale governmental interventions. China's nationwide traffic control during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak provided us a unique opportunity to assess the direct dose-effect relationship between vehicle density and air pollution. We found that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, the nationwide reduced air pollution (except for O3) could be largely explained by traffic control measures. During the traffic control period, every doubling of vehicle density was associated with a decrease of 4.2 (2.0, 6.4) μg/m3 in PM2.5, 5.5 (2.9, 8.1) μg/m3 in PM10, 1.5 (0.9, 2.0) μg/m3 in NO2, and 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) mg/m3 in CO comparing cities with different vehicle densities. Similarly, for every 10% increase in the truck proportion, PM2.5 decreased by 12.3 (4.1, 20.6) μg/m3, PM10 decreased by 14.3 (4.6, 23.9) μg/m3, and CO decreased by 0.14 (0.05, 0.23) mg/m3. Moreover, the associations between vehicle density and reduction in PM2.5, PM10, and CO during the traffic control period were stronger and showed near-complete linearity in cities with low green coverage rate (All P less then 0.05 for interaction). According to our estimation, PM2.5 emissions from every doubling of vehicle density can lead to over 8000 excess deaths per year, 66% of which were caused by cardiopulmonary diseases. This natural experiment study is the first to observe the dose-effect relationship between on-road traffic and traffic-generated air pollution, as well as the mitigating effect of urban greening. Findings provide key evidence to the assessment and control of traffic-generated air pollution and its public health impact. Availability of transient elastography (TE) limits the application of Baveno-VI criteria. In a derivation study, the ABP criteria (Albumin >40 g/l, Bilirubin <22 μmol/l and Platelet >114,000/μl) had been shown to perform well in identifying compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) patients without high-risk varices (HRV). We aim to externally validate this novel ABP criteria for the exclusion of HRVs among cACLD patients. Data was retrospectively collected from consecutive cACLD patients with paired TE and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) performed between 2011 and 2017 in Changi General Hospital, Singapore. We estimate the discriminative ability of ABP criteria in validation cohort using AUROC and calibration-in-the-large. We subsequently compare the performance between ABP and Baveno-VI criteria in the validation cohort. Among 314 patients included in our validation cohort, 32 (10.2%) had HRV on screening EGD. Application of ABP criteria within this validation cohort has increased discriminative ability than the derivation cohort. The AUROC of validation and derivation cohort were 0.68 (0.60-0.76) and 0.66 (0.60-0.76), respectively. The mean and standard error for calibration-in-the-large and calibration slope were -0.08 (0.22) and 0.93 (0.26) respectively. The ABP criteria had excellent performance in excluding HRV and will spare more screening EGDs than the Baveno-VI criteria (39.2% vs 27.4%, p < 0.001), without missing more HRVs. We validated the performance of ABP criteria for the exclusion of HRVs in cACLD patients. ABP criteria is superior to Baveno-VI criteria by sparing more screening EGD without the need of TE. We validated the performance of ABP criteria for the exclusion of HRVs in cACLD patients. ABP criteria is superior to Baveno-VI criteria by sparing more screening EGD without the need of TE.Self-efficacy is a well-researched concept and a key component of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/5-ph-iaa.html Teacher self-efficacy is widely researched within education; it affects student achievement and motivation as well as teacher performance and commitment. Minimal information exists on teacher self-efficacy within clinical settings of practice professions which likely affects patient outcomes. This paper provides background on self-efficacy and teacher self-efficacy; it then addresses clinical teacher self-efficacy using the Walker and Avant (2005) method for concept analysis. Assumptions, definitions, characteristics, antecedents and consequences of the concept of clinical teacher self-efficacy are discussed and represented visually, and exemplified as cases within nursing education. Implications and recommendations are suggested for the applicability of clinical teacher self-efficacy within clinician education and practice.The Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher Evaluation Scale is useful for understanding students' perceptions towards clinical placement and for measuring the quality of clinical education. Validated versions of the scale are only available for Western countries. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the validity and reliability of the Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher evaluation scale for undergraduate nursing students in Hong Kong. Six experts including clinical mentors, clinical teachers, advanced practice nurse and nursing students participated in phase 1. Fifteen nursing students participated in phase 2 and 178 nursing students participated in phase 3 of this study during January 2017 to June 2017. The Scale-Content Validity Index was 0.93 and the Item-Content Validity indexes ranged from 0.83 to 1. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a 6-factor solution (i.e. "supervisory relationship", "role of nurse teacher", "leadership style of ward manager", "premises of nursing on the ward appreciated", "interaction with staff" and "learning atmosphere"). The internal consistency was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94) and test-retest reliability over a 2-week interval was satisfactory (Pearson's coefficient = 0.85). The Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher evaluation scale showed acceptable psychometric properties for use as an evaluation scale in Hong Kong.Informed consent has been a much debated topic within the social sciences. It often forms a central feature of discussions on research in medical settings and in social research methods more broadly. While sympathetic to its' underlying principles of autonomy and choice, social scientists have tended to argue that these are seldom enacted in research or clinical practice. Rather, such principles are often circumscribed by wider social structures and by a culture of medical dominance. Drawing on data from a qualitative study on perinatal post-mortem, this paper explores informed consent in the emotionally charged clinical arena of perinatal pathology. Our in-depth analysis will provide fresh insight into post-mortem decision-making in the sensitive arena of baby loss. Our findings show how parents often found it difficult to give consent for post-mortem, and also for professionals to take consent from parents. It was also not uncommon for parents to experience regret over non-consent later on. One of our key findings, however, related to the sense of emotional and diagnostic closure often afforded by post-mortem when consent had been given.