© 2020 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Two trials were carried out to determine (a) if there is a positive relation between the frequency of aggressive interactions among female pampas deer and their position within the hierarchy (HI), (b) if short-term removal of the male triggers an increase in the frequency of aggression, and (c) if the magnitude of this increase is related to the individual rank position of the female. Each of 19 breeding groups comprised one adult male and from four to six adult females. The HI was determined for each female and all aggressive interactions were recorded. These were recorded while the male was present (i.e., all of Trial 1 and the "with male" period in Trial 2) and after removal of the male (i.e., the "without male" period in Trial 2). The individual percentage change in the frequency of aggressive interactions after male removal was calculated. In Trial 1 the HI, the frequency of different types of aggressive interaction and the total of aggressive interactions were positively related (all p  less then  .001; General Linear Mixed Model [GLMM]). In Trial 2, the frequency of total aggressive interactions increased after male removal (F(1, 27) = 3.5; p  less then  .001; GLMM). The individual percentage changes in aggressive interaction between periods were positively related to HI (F(6, 24) = 2.56; p = .05; GLMM). For female pampas deer maintained in breeding groups, we conclude that the frequency of aggressive interactions increases within the hierarchy. Aggression also increases after the short-term removal of the male, mainly among females of higher social status. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The distributions of light and tissue oxygenation (St O2 ) within the chest cavity were determined for 15 subjects undergoing macroscopic complete resection followed by intraoperative photodynamic therapy (PDT) as part of a clinical trial for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Over the course of light delivery, detectors at each of eight different sites recorded exposure to variable fluence rate. Nevertheless, the treatment-averaged fluence rate was similar among sites, ranging from a median of 40 to 61 mW/cm2 during periods of light exposure to a detector. St O2 at each tissue site varied by subject, but posterior mediastinum and posterior sulcus were the most consistently well oxygenated (median St O2 >90%; interquartile ranges ~85%-95%). PDT effect on St O2 was characterized as the St O2 ratio (post-PDT St O2 /pre-PDT St O2 ). High St O2 pre-PDT was significantly associated with oxygen depletion (St O2 ratio less then 1); although, the extent of oxygen depletion was mild (median St O2 ratio of 0.8). Overall, PDT of the thoracic cavity resulted in moderate treatment-averaged fluence rate that was consistent among treated tissue sites, despite instantaneous exposure to high fluence rate. Mild oxygen depletion after PDT was experienced at tissue sites with high pre-PDT St O2 , which may suggest the presence of a treatment effect. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Preterm infants have low plasma levels of erythropoietin (EPO), providing a rationale for the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to prevent or treat anaemia and to provide neuro protection and protection against necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). Darbepoetin (Darbe) and EPO are currently available ESAs. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of ESAs (erythropoietin (EPO) and/or Darbe) initiated early (before eight days after birth) compared with placebo or no intervention in reducing red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, adverse neurological outcomes, and feeding intolerance including necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Primary objective for studies that primarily investigate the effectiveness and safety of ESAs administered early in reducing red blood cell transfusions To assess the effectiveness and safety of ESAs initiated early in reducing red blood cell transfusions in preterm infants. Secondary objectives Review authors performed subge limited benefits have been identified to date. Use of darbepoetin requires further study. Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.BACKGROUND Low plasma levels of erythropoietin (EPO) in preterm infants provide a rationale for the use of EPO to prevent or treat anaemia. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of early versus late initiation of EPO in reducing red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in preterm and/or low birth weight (LBW) infants. SEARCH METHODS The standard search of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group (CNRG) was performed in 2006 and updated in 2009. Updated search in September 2009 as follows The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (search via PubMed), CINAHL and EMBASE were searched from 2005 to September 2009. The searches were repeated in March 2012. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mdl-800.html The Pediatric Academic Societies' Annual meetings were searched electronically from 2000 to 2012 at Abstracts2ViewTM as were clinical trials registries (clinicaltrials.gov; controlled-trials.com; and who.int/ictrp). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials enrolling preterm or LBW infants less than eight days of age. INTERVENTION Early initiation ofsions per infant" compared with late EPO administration. The finding of a statistically significant increased risk of ROP (any grade) and a similar trend for ROP stage > 3 with early EPO treatment is of great concern. Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.BACKGROUND Recent studies highlight that high levels of cytokines may precede the onset of many systemic autoimmune disorders and may also be related to chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) activity. METHODS Eight patients with CSU candidate to omalizumab therapy were enrolled. Four healthy controls were included with the purpose of comparing baseline cytokine levels. We evaluated serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, TNF-α, and GM-CSF. For the patient group, venous blood samples were drawn at T0, T1 (1 week after first drug administration), T2 (after 3 months), T3 (after 6 months), and in case of relapse. Cytokine levels were measured using the human cytokines 8-plex kit. Disease activity and effect of therapy were calculated by means of Urticaria Activity Score 7. RESULTS Higher levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ were found in patients with CSU compared to those observed in the control group. Moreover, a common trend between these cytokines and the clinical history of disease could be hypothesized, with a decrease in levels of IFN-γ and IL-6 following remission of CSU with omalizumab treatment.