This paper provides a comprehensive review of clinically-approved and emerging non-invasive methods to evaluate/monitor the osseointegration of dental and orthopedic implants. A discussion about advantages and limitations of each method is provided based on the outcomes of the cases presented. The review on the emerging technologies covers the developments of the last decade, while the discussion about the clinically approved systems focuses mostly on the latest (2017-2018) findings. At last, the review also provides some suggestions for future researches and developments in the area of implant monitoring. © Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engineering 2019.The paper provides an overview of the fracture healing process of long bones, a review of work that proposed appropriate physical parameters for the assessment of healing and highlights some recent work that reported on the development of non-radiative technique for healing assessment. An overview of the development and monitoring of osseointegration for trans-femoral osseointegrated implant is also presented. The state of healing of a fractured long bone and the stability of osseointegrated implants can be seen as engineering structural components where the mechanical properties are restored to facilitate their desired function. To this end, this paper describes non-radiative techniques that are useful for healing assessment and the stability assessment of osseointegrated implants. The achievement of non-radiative quantitative assessment methodologies to determine the state of healing of fractured long bones and to assess the stability of osseointegrated implant will shorten the patient's rehabilitation time, allowing earlier mobility and return to normal activities. Recent work on the development of assessment techniques supported by the Office of Naval Research as part of the Monitoring of Osseointegrated Implant Prosthesis program is highlighted. © Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engineering 2019.The fundamental goal of prosthesis is to achieve optimal levels of performance and enhance the quality of life of amputees. Socket type prostheses have been widely employed despite their known drawbacks. More recently, the advent of osseointegrated prostheses have demonstrated potential to be a better alternative to socket prosthesis eliminating most of the drawbacks of the latter. However, both socket and osseointegrated limb prostheses are prone to superficial infections during use. Infection prone skin lesions from frictional rubbing of the socket against the soft tissue are a known problem of socket type prosthesis. Osseointegration, on the other hand, results in an open wound at the implant-stump interface. The integration of infection sensors in prostheses to detect and prevent infections is proposed to enhance quality of life of amputees. Pathogenic volatiles having been identified to be a potent stimulus, this paper reviews the current techniques in the field of infection sensing, specifically focusing on identifying portable and flexible sensors with potential to be integrated into prosthesis designs. Various sensor architectures including but not limited to sensors fabricated from conducting polymers, carbon polymer composites, metal oxide semiconductors, metal organic frameworks, hydrogels and synthetic oligomers are reviewed. The challenges and their potential integration pathways that can enhance the possibilities of integrating these sensors into prosthesis designs are analysed. © Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engineering 2019.Osseointegrated (OI) prosthetic limbs have been shown to provide an advantageous treatment option for amputees. In order for the OI prosthesis to be successful, the titanium implant must rapidly achieve and maintain proper integration with the bone tissue and remain free of infection. Electrochemical methods can be utilized to control and/or monitor the interfacial microenvironment where the titanium implant interacts with the biological system (host bone tissue or bacteria). This review will summarize the current understanding of how electrochemical modalities can influence bone tissue and bacteria with specific emphasis on applications where the metallic prosthesis itself can be utilized directly as a stimulating electrode for enhanced osseointegration and infection control. In addition, a summary of electrochemical impedance sensing techniques that could be used to potentially assess osseointegration and infection status of the metallic prosthesis is presented. © Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engineering 2019.Osseointegration (OI) is the direct attachment of bone onto a titanium implant. Recently, the term is used to describe "transdermal" implants that allow an external prosthesis to be connected directly to the skeleton. This technology eliminates the challenges of conventional socket-based prostheses, such as skin breakdown and poor fit, which are common in patients with major extremity amputations. Osseointegration patients demonstrate encouraging improvements in quality of life and function. Patients report improvement in prosthetic use, prosthetic mobility, global health, and pain reduction on a variety of clinical assessment tools. Various implants have been developed for osseointegration for amputees. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/imlunestrant.html These implants use a variety of fixation strategies and surface augments to allow for successful integration into the host bone. Regardless of design, all OI implants face similar challenges, particularly infections. Other challenges include the inability to determine when integration has occurred and the inability to detect loss of integration. These challenges may be met by incorporating sensing systems into the implants. The percutaneous nature of the metal devices can be leveraged so that internal sensors need not be wireless, and can be interrogated by external monitoring systems, thus providing crucial, real-time information about the state of the implant. The purpose of this review is to (1) review the basic science behind osseointegration, (2) provide an overview of current implants, practice patterns, and clinical outcomes, and (3) preview sensor technologies which may prove useful in future generations of transdermal orthopaedic implants. © This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2019.