We describe a confusing case of GATA3-positive adnexal adenocarcinoma with a potential pitfall of leading to a misdiagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. A 62-year-old male presented with a subcutaneous nodule on the right lower abdomen around a scar from surgery for urothelial carcinoma in the right urinary tract, which had been resected 8 years previously. Histologically, atypical cells possessing ample cytoplasm and partial intracytoplasmic lumens were densely grouped in the subcutaneous expansive nodule and bilateral inguinal lymph nodes dissected. Decapitation secretion could not be seen. Neoplastic cells were positive for CK7, GATA3, and GCDFP15, and negative for CK5/6, CK20, p63, CD10, PAX8, HER-2, and uroplakin-II. Neoplastic cells in the urothelium and the metastasized lung were positive for CK7, CK5/6, and GATA3, and negative for CK20, p63, GCDFP15, and TTF-1. A variable level of GATA3 expression in malignant tumors with apocrine and eccrine differentiation should be recognized by dermatologists. Vitiligo is a skin depigmentation disorder, for which, repigmentation treatment with combined follicular unit extraction (FUE) graft and narrowband ultraviolet B (NBUVB) is considered superior to micro-punch graft therapy. BMP4 can induce MITF expression in Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs), and α-MSH subsequently promotes the differentiation of MITF-expressing cells along the melanocyte lineage. To investigate why FUE grafting is superior to epidermal mini grafting in promoting hair follicles (HF) melanocyte cell survival and longevity, we planned the experiments HF bulge NCSCs differentiate into melanocyte precursors under the co-treatment of BMP4 and α-MSH. Cells that migrated from the HF bulge of scalp were cultured and assessed using immunofluorescence. Transcriptome analysis was performed on RNA sequencing results. Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes the proliferation and survival of NCSCs, with spontaneous differentiation into SOX10+/SOX2+ glial progenitors, but not into SOX10+/MITF+ precu NCSCs differentiated into melanocyte by co-treatment of BMP4 and α-MSH. Overall, FUE grafting is a more robust and substitutive treatment option for vitiligo. Methotrexate (MTX) has been prescribed to suppress atopic dermatitis (AD) symptoms and flares in moderate-to-severe cases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of MTX as well as the suppressive activity of MTX to reduce flares in moderate-to-severe AD patients. Patients with moderate-to-severe AD who were treated with MTX at the Chonnam National University Hospital were retrospectively studied. Total 102 patients (79 males, 23 females) with a median age of 22.0±10.3 years were studied. The median initial dose of MTX was 10.3±2.6 mg/week, and the MTX-weekly dose was increased by 2.5 to 5 mg at an interval of 2 to 4 weeks to a maximum dose of 17.5±2.7 mg/week. The median maintenance dose was 11.7±2.1 mg/week; the median duration of treatment with MTX was 34.0±38.8 weeks. The initial response was noted after 5.8±3.7 weeks. Of the 102 patients, 60.8% (62/102) showed successful treatment response and 39.2% (40/102) showed mild or no improvement. MTX therapy effectively suppressed the frequency of AD flares by more than 50% in 71.1% (32/45) of the patients who responded among the MTX responders group. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIRB-796-(Doramapimod).html The most common adverse events were transient liver abnormality (5.9%, 6/102) and gastrointestinal discomfort (3.9%, 4/102), but no serious adverse events occurred. Our results reveal that MTX is a relatively safe drug to control moderate-to-severe AD with satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and inhibitory activity against AD flares. Our results reveal that MTX is a relatively safe drug to control moderate-to-severe AD with satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and inhibitory activity against AD flares. (CZ) belongs to the genus Chrysanthemum, also known as 'Gu-Jeol-Cho' in Korea. CZ has been used as herbal remedy to manage cough, hypertensive disorders, pharyngitis, bronchitis, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, bladder diseases and common cold. However, its effect on hair growth has not been documented. The aim of present study was to elucidate the beneficial effects of CZ on hair growth. Proliferation of follicular dermal papilla (DP) cells from human scalp skin was evaluated by MTT assay. The expression of various molecules in DP cells was checked by western blot assay. Effect of CZ extract on the hair growth was evaluated by hair organ culture and C57BL/6 mice model. Cultivation of DP cells with CZ extract increased cellular proliferation, increased expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), p-ERK, B-cell lymphoma 2, and decreased expression of Bax. Treatment of human hair follicles with CZ extract significantly enhanced hair growth. Additionally, CZ markedly shortened telogen period, increased anagen transformation and stimulated hair growth in the animal study. These results suggest that CZ extract has an effect of promoting hair growth and may therefore be a useful a therapeutic remedy for preventing hair loss. These results suggest that CZ extract has an effect of promoting hair growth and may therefore be a useful a therapeutic remedy for preventing hair loss. Particulate matters (PM) comprise a heterogeneous mixture of particles suspended in air. A recent study found that urban PMs may penetrate into hair follicles via transfollicular and transdermal routes in dorsal skin. To investigate the effects of PM on cultured human scalp hair follicles and hair follicular keratinocytes . TUNEL staining was employed to check cells undergoing apoptosis in cultured hair follicles after PM treatment. MTT assay was employed to check cell viability after PM treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was employed to quantitate the expression of inflammatory genes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and Duox1. Inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by ELISA after PM treatment. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured using a chemical fluorescent probe by a fluorescence plate reader. Abundant TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the keratinocyte region of hair including the epidermis, sebaceous gland, outer root sheath (ORS), inner root sheath (IRS), and bulb region.