childhood undernutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children below five years of age especially in developing countries like Tanzania, particularly in rural area. Inappropriate child caring and feeding practices have been strongly associated with it. Many actions have been taken to reduce prevalence of undernutrition in children in Ngorongoro district, however, the problem persist. This study identified risk factors associated with undernutrition in children under-five years of age in Ngorongoro district, Arusha region. a health facility-based unmatched case-control study was conducted with 400 (100 cases and 300 controls) children aged 6-59 months. Cases included children with undernutrition according to the WHO anthropometric indicators. Controls were children within the normal range of these indicators. Both cases and controls, were obtained from children attending the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) for assessment of growth and development or admitted in pediatric winstead of blanket approaches, should be designed to mitigate and eliminate childhood undernutrition in Ngorongoro. household and individual characteristics of the children and mother/caregiver are important predictors of undernutrition in this community. Tailored interventions, instead of blanket approaches, should be designed to mitigate and eliminate childhood undernutrition in Ngorongoro. the purpose of this study was to describe the profile of serum lipases in patients with bone fractures and to investigate the associated factors. we conducted a cross-sectional study at the Kokolo Military General Hospital in Camp Kokolo (KMGHICK) from July to October 2013. All patients admitted with bone fractures who had agreed to take part in the study were included. The control group included voluntary blood donors. The parameters of interest were demographic characteristics, serum lipase, lipidogram, the site and the number of fractures. eighty-three patients were included in the study, they were all male subjects. Mean age of patients was 35.8±12.8 years; 78.3% of fractures were due to gunshot-related trauma. Femur was the most common seat of fractures (30%), followed by forearm (20%) and ulna (15%). Mean serum lipase concentration was 43.6 ± 2.9 IU/L (normal value ≤38IU/L) in patients with fractures compared with 30.3 ± 2.3 IU/L in the control group (p<0.0001). a significantly higher rate of hyperlipasemia was found in patients with bone fractures compared with the control group. Hyperlipasemia was not associated with clinicobiological fatty embolism syndrome. a significantly higher rate of hyperlipasemia was found in patients with bone fractures compared with the control group. Hyperlipasemia was not associated with clinicobiological fatty embolism syndrome. inspite of the demonstrable evidence of the preventive and protective ability of vaccines to reduce the outbreak of vaccine-preventable diseases, there are still some significant disease outbreaks recorded in our communities. In some settings, these outbreaks have been linked with poor vaccine management. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the cold chain practices in Oyo State, Nigeria. we conducted a cross-sectional survey among health workers in the local government areas of Oyo State between October and November 2019. Using purposive sampling, we recruited all the 84 routine immunization focal persons for the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on cold chain management. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and bivariate analysis was done using Chi-square. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. the mean age of the respondents was 46.4 ± 6.7 years. Most prevalent cadre in the rural facilities was health assistants (87.5%) while Community Extension Health Workers (54.8%) were prevalent in the urban (p = 0.002). The proportion of respondents with adequate cold chain equipment was significantly higher in the urban compared with the rural area. The cold boxes were the only adequate cold chain equipment found in the rural health facilities compared with the urban (p = 0.036). there was a low proportion of qualified health workers and inadequate cold chain equipment in the rural area compared with the urban facilities. Engagement of skilled health workers and supply of the cold chain equipment are recommended. there was a low proportion of qualified health workers and inadequate cold chain equipment in the rural area compared with the urban facilities. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/iruplinalkib.html Engagement of skilled health workers and supply of the cold chain equipment are recommended. in Kenya, about 1.5 million people are living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Antiretroviral therapy aids in viral suppression. However, drug-resistance threaten the gains of the HIV infection control program. To determine the prevalence of HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations among adults on ARV therapy attending Khunyangu sub-county hospital in Busia County, Kenya, 50 blood samples were analyzed. the samples were collected from November 2019 to January 2020 and tested for HIV-1 viral load. HIV-1 drug-resistance was analyzed through the sequencing of the HIV-1 pol gene. Generated sequences were aligned using RECall (beta v3.05) software. HIV-1 drug-resistance was determined using the Stanford University HIV database. females were 34 and males 16. The general prevalence of HIV-1 drug-resistance was 68%. Out of 34 participants on first-line drugs, 59.9% had mutations against these drugs and 5.9% against the second-line drugs. Out of 16 participants on second-line drugs, 43.8% had mutations against these drugs and 50% against the first-line drugs. The prevalence of mutations encoding resistance to Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were 23(46%); Non-nucleotide Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 29(58%) and protease inhibitors (PIs), 7(14%). Dual and multi-class HIV-1 drug-resistance prevalence was as follows NRTIs + NNRTIs 16(32%); NRTIs + NNRTs + PIs 4(8%); NRTIs + PIs 1(2%). A total of 126 mutations were identified. Predominant NNRTIs mutations were K103N (15), Y181C (9), G190A (7), and H221Y (6) NRTIs, M184V (17), Y115F (5) and PIs, I54V (4). the study demonstrates a high prevalence of HIV-1 drug-resistance which calls for intervention for the strengthening of health programs. the study demonstrates a high prevalence of HIV-1 drug-resistance which calls for intervention for the strengthening of health programs.