Positive relationships were observed between CH2Br2 and phytoplankton biomass when fCO2 was low, and between CH3I and phytoplankton biomass when fCO2 was high, suggesting that algal release was a significant source of both compounds.Drip irrigation and brackish water irrigation are considered to be the two main ways to alleviate the current shortage of agricultural freshwater resources and have been widely used in countries around the world. Our purpose is to evaluate the effects of different irrigation methods (flood irrigation and drip irrigation) and irrigation water salinities (1.1 g·L-1, 2.0 g·L-1, 3.5 g·L-1, and 5.0 g·L-1) on the soil CO2 emissions during the growth and fallow periods of spring maize. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted in Hetao Irrigation District in China from 2017 to 2019. The results showed that compared with flood irrigation, drip irrigation significantly decreased the soil CO2 emissions in the growth period. After irrigation with a salinity of 5.0 g·L-1, the soil moisture was the highest because the plant water absorption was inhabited by soil salt, and the soil CO2 emissions were also promoted during the growth period. Irrigation method and irrigation water salinity had no effect on the soil CO2 emissions in the fallow period. Soil temperature, moisture and inorganic nitrogen content were the main factors affecting the daily CO2 emission flux. The soil CO2 emissions during the growth period accounted for more than 83.93% of the annual soil emissions. Based on the goal of saving freshwater resources, ensuring soil safety, reducing soil CO2 emissions and increasing the size of the carbon pool, adoption of drip irrigation with 2.0 g·L-1 brackish water could be adopted to ensure the sustainable development of local agriculture.This article is in the hope to open a fundamental discussion on what should future municipal wastewater treatment process be. A paradigm shift of treatment technology from present single functionality of removing to multiple-functionality of synergetic water-resource-energy recovery and carbon neutral for maximizing both environmental and economic sustainability. However, the current treatment technologies could hardly meet such requirements. It is elucidated in this article that a microalgal-bacterial granular sludge process could offer a promising option for achieving the multiple goals of municipal wastewater reclamation including energy generation, resource recovery and carbon reduction.Microplastics change the physical, chemical, and biological processes in soil, and these changes further affect the transformations of heavy metal speciation in soil. Whether this influence mechanism differs between heavy metals is unknown on the soil aggregates level. In this study, 5 months incubation experiments and soil fractionation were conducted to evaluate the effect of microplastic addition on the chemical speciation of seven heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Cr, As, and Pb) in the three soil aggregate fractions. The results show that 28% concentration of polyethylene microplastics with size 100 μm reduces and increases the heavy metal content in the bioavailable and organic-bound fractions, respectively, indicating that microplastics promote the transformation from bioavailable to organic-bound species. The transformation in the larger-sized aggregate fractions is more dramatic than that of smaller-sized aggregate fractions within the incubation period. This indicates that the extent of the response of the different heavy metals to microplastics is significantly different in the three aggregate-size fractions. Soil physicochemical factors affected different heavy metals in different pathways, and microplastics have different adsorption or complexation effects on different heavy metals. These processes result in heterogeneous responses of different heavy metals to microplastic addition. In addition, the microplastics have different extents of influence on the different chemical speciation of the heavy metals, having the greatest influence on the exchangeable and carbonate-bound of Cu and Zn, FeMn oxide-bound of As, and organic-bound of Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb. This phenomenon is relatively consistent among the three aggregate-size fractions. Our findings provide more accurate management information for soil environmental quality management with different heavy metal pollution and different soil types.The chemical synthesis pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in VOCs emissions from industrial sources, which has caused increasing concern. In this study, the process-based pollution characteristics of VOCs from the chemical synthesis pharmaceutical industry were investigated in the Yangtze River Delta, China. A total of 16 samples were collected from 12 process units (including 5 production lines and 2 postprocessing units) and 2 factory boundary sites. 116 VOCs species were analyzed and sorted into 6 classes, including alkanes, alkenes, acetylene, aromatics, halocarbons and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs). The concentration of stack VOCs was 3.37 × 104 μg·m-3, while the concentration of fugitive VOCs from other process units ranged from 827 μg·m-3 to 2.11 × 104 μg·m-3. Aromatics, halocarbons and OVOCs accounted for a relatively high proportion in all process units. Process-based source profiles of each process unit were compiled. Generally, toluene, dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol and acetone were the most abundant species in all process units. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Obatoclax-Mesylate.html Furthermore, the process-based ozone formation potentials (OFPs) and carcinogenic risk potentials (CRPs) were calculated, suggesting that toluene, methanol, ethanol and m/p-xylene should be preferentially controlled to reduce the OFPs, while acetaldehyde and chloroform were the priority control species to reduce the CRPs. Further discussion showed that ambient VOCs pollution at the factory boundary was affected by both stack and fugitive sources from the production process. The source profiles built in this study are necessary addition to the current profiles and are a good reference to study VOCs emission characteristics from the perspective of the process procedure. The results obtained from this work provide a guidance for effective VOCs abatement strategies and further lay a foundation for related research on VOCs in the chemical synthesis pharmaceutical industry.