Our data suggest that PCN was introduced on Java not too long after the introduction of potato in the middle of the 18th century. Soon thereafter, the pathogen established on Sumatra, and started to diversify independently. This scenario was corroborated by diversification patterns of the effector families 1106, 4D06 and VAL. Our data demonstrate how genome re-sequencing data from a non-indigenous pathogen can be used to reconstruct the introduction and diversification process.Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (PST), is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. In China, Longnan (LN) and Longdong (LD), in the south and east of Gansu province, are important PST over-summering areas and are a source of PST inoculum for the major wheat-growing regions in eastern China. Central Shaanxi (CS) is a wheat-growing region that acts as an important bridge zone for stripe rust epidemic development between LN and LD in the west, and the Huanghuai wheat-growing region in the east, and thus plays an essential role in PST epidemics in China. To study the relationships among PST populations in the three regions (LN, LD and CS), we sampled 284 isolates from different geographic locations. Based on 10 SSR markers, the results demonstrated high genetic diversity in all three regions although diversity did vary between region with LN > LD > CS. Genetic differentiation was lower with more extensive gene flow between LD and CS. PST populations in the CS region were genetically closer to those from LD than from LN, which may be due to geographical proximity and topography. A positive and significant correlation existed between linearized FST and the log of geographical distances among all subpopulations. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that subpopulations of PST from Qinzhou, Qincheng, Beidao, and Maiji from LN, and Qianyang and Longxian from CS were in equilibrium (P > 0.05), suggesting somatic hybridization and/or sexual reproduction may exist in these subpopulations.Maize (Zea mays L.) is a cereal crop of great economic importance in Italy; production is currently of 62,587,469 t, with an area that covers 628,801 ha, concentrated in northern Italy (ISTAT 2020). Fusarium species are associated with root and crown rot causing failures in crop establishment under high soil moisture. In 2019 maize seedlings collected in a farm located in San Zenone degli Ezzelini (VI, Italy) showed root and crown rot symptoms with browning of the stem tissues, wilting of the seedling, and collapsing due to the rotting tissues at the base of the stem. The incidence of diseased plants was approximately 15%. Seedlings were cleaned thoroughly from soil residues under tap water. Portions (about 3-5 mm) of tissue from roots and crowns of the diseased plants were cut and surface disinfected with a water solution of NaClO at 0.5% for 2 minutes and rinsed in sterile H20. The tissue fragments were plated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) amended with 50 mg/l of streptomycin sulfate and incubated for 48-72128/JCM.00989-10 Osawa H et al. 2020. Journal of General Plant Pathology, doi.org/10.1007/s10327-020-00969-5. Skovgaard K 2003. Mycologia, 954, 630-636, DOI 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833067. Wang J et al. 2018. Plant Disease, 102, doi/10.1094/PDIS-07-17-1011-PDN Xi K et al. 2019. Plant Disease, 103, doi/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1674-PDN.Hairy vetch Vicia villosa Roth is widely grown in southwestern China for green manure and forage. In December 2019, a leaf disease occurred on 80% plants of V. villosa var. glabrescens in an eight-hectare field in Qujing(N 25°28'12″, E 103°36'22″), Yunnan Province, China. The disease leaves had irregular, brown to dark brown leaf spots with white mold. Twenty diseased leaves from five plants were randomly collected from the field. The leaf samples were sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s and 1% NaClO for 75 s, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, surface water removed with sterile filter paper, and placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) for culture at 20oC. The obtained fungal isolates were purified by transferring 1 to 2 mm hyphal tips onto fresh PDA plates and cultured under the same temperature condition. The isolates grew slowly, at a rate of 0.7 mm/d at 20℃ for 4 weeks. A diseased plant specimen (accession MHLZU19326) and three isolates (accessions YN1931401, YN1931402, and YN1931403) were disolated and identified as described above. R. sphaeroidea has been reported on V. fabae and V. sativa in Ethiopia and Israel (Braun 1998), on various Vicia species including V. villosa in California, the United States (Koike et al. 2004) and on V. craccain China (Zhang et al. 2006), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of this fungus causing leaf spot on V. villosa in China.Powdery mildew and leaf rust, caused by Blumeria graminis f. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rgfp966.html sp. tritici (Bgt) and Puccinia triticina (Pt), respectively, are widespread diseases of wheat worldwide. Utilizing resistant cultivars is considered as the most economical, environmental-friendly, and effective method to control these diseases. In the present study, a collection of 2,978 wheat accessions consisting of 1,394 advanced breeding lines, 1,078 Chinese cultivars, 291 introduced cultivars, 132 lines containing alien chromosomes, and 83 landraces was tested for reactions to powdery mildew and leaf rust. The results indicated that 659 (22.1%) wheat accessions were highly resistant to a widely prevalent Bgt isolate, E09, at the seedling stage, and 390 were consistently resistant to the mixture of Bgt isolates at the adult-plant stage. Meanwhile, 63 (2.1%) accessions were highly resistant to leaf rust at the adult-plant stage, of which 54 were resistant to a predominant and highly virulent Pt race, THTT, at the seedling stage. Notably, 17 accesed important information for rationally distributing resistance genes in wheat breeding programs, but also identified resistant germplasm that might have novel genes to enrich the diversity of resistance sources.Pinus thunbergii Parl., known as black pine, is widely distributed all over China. This pine variety can prevent soil desertification and promote soil conservation and is excellent for constructing fast-growing forests and shelter belts. The timber of this species can be used for infrastructure construction and furniture production. In August 2020, needle blight symptoms were found on several trees of black pine in Sichuan Province, China. Further surveys showed that these symptoms are common while the disease incidence is less than 30% which indicated the severity of the disease is mild. The tips of old needles first turn grayish green and developed into brown bands ranging from 1 to 2 mm. To determine the pathogen, 20 needle samples with typical symptoms were disinfected with 75% alcohol, and sections of the tissue were cut from joints of diseased and healthy tissues (visually healthy) with a sterilized scalpel, surface sterilized for 45 seconds in 75% alcohol, soaked for 90 seconds in 1.5% NaCIO, rinsed in sterilized water and dried.