Here, a cardiologist and a cardiothoracic surgeon debate the risks and benefits of TAVR versus SAVR for a patient with severe symptomatic AS who is at low risk for surgical death.Spatial attention can be deployed exogenously, based on salient events in the environment, or endogenously, based on current task goals. Numerous studies have compared the time courses of these two types of attention, and have demonstrated that exogenous attention is fast and transient and endogenous attention is relatively slow but sustained. In the present study we investigated whether and how the temporal dynamics of exogenous and endogenous attention differ in terms of where attention is deployed in the visual field, in particular at locations nearby or far from fixation. Across a series of experiments, we measured attentional shift times for each type of attention, and found overall slower deployment of endogenous relative to exogenous attention, in line with previous research. Importantly, we also consistently found that it takes longer to deploy attention at more distant locations relative to nearby locations, regardless of how attention was instigated. Overall, our results suggest that the temporal limits of attentional deployment across different spatial distances are similar for exogenous and endogenous attention, pointing to shared constraints underlying both attentional modes. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cryptotanshinone.html (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Verbal irony is when words intend the opposite of their literal meaning. We investigated the emotional function of irony by asking whether irony intensifies or mitigates negative feelings. Experiment 1 used ratings to assess the mental state of a speaker using irony or literal language following a negative event in either a high- or a low-emotional context. We found that regardless of context emotionality, speakers using irony were perceived as being in a less negative and less aroused mental state than speakers using literal language. In Experiment 2, we examined the time course of this process with ERPs. Initially, literal statements elicited a larger N100 than irony, regardless of context emotionality, suggesting that irony mitigates negative feelings overall. Later on, irony elicited a larger LPC than literal statements in high emotion contexts, but not in low emotion contexts. This suggests that irony required more mental state processing or/and more speaker emotion processing than literal language in emotionally loaded situations. These results indicate that whether irony intensifies or mitigates negative feelings depends on context and the point in time at which we assess its function. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Homeless substance users are particularly hard to treat. In this pilot study, we evaluated the acceptability and feasibility of incorporating Contingency Management (CM) into a public Abstinent-Contingent Housing (ACH) treatment program developed to treat currently homeless crack cocaine users. A total of 21 homeless crack cocaine users were randomized to receive 12 weeks of ACH alone (n = 9) or ACH plus CM (ACH + CM) (n = 12). Twelve treatment providers in the ACH treatment program were trained to deliver the CM intervention. CM was rated as relatively (41.7%) or very (58.3%) easy to understand and relatively (50%) or very (50%) easy to conduct by the ACH treatment providers. On a 10-point Likert scale, providers rated the importance of incorporating CM into public treatment programs for crack cocaine at M = 8.3 (SD = 2). Participants exposed to CM rated as relatively (33.3%) or very (66.7%) easy to understand. One hundred percent liked receiving the intervention "a lot," and 78.9% believed it helped them achieve and maintain crack cocaine abstinence. Finally, compared to the ACH condition, the ACH + CM condition was consistently associated with better treatment retention and cocaine use outcome measures, yelling small to large effect sizes. However, possibly due to the small sample size, most of these differences did not achieve statistical significance. CM was well integrated into the ACH treatment program and was well accepted by both the providers and participants, suggesting the feasibility of incorporating CM into a public treatment program for homeless crack cocaine users from low- and middle-income countries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Objective High negative affect, low positive affect, and low cognitive functioning are depression-related states that may be particularly relevant to females who smoke cigarettes and may be more prominent following overnight tobacco abstinence. This study aimed to assess relations between depression symptom levels and negative affect, positive affect, and subjective cognitive functioning in premenopausal females who smoke. Methods Premenopausal females who smoke daily with low (n = 66) or elevated (n = 33) baseline depression symptoms completed subjective ratings of negative affect, positive affect, and cognitive functioning pre-first cigarette (i.e., after overnight tobacco abstinence) and at random prompts throughout the day via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) for 35 days. Results Participants with elevated depression symptoms reported overall higher negative affect (p = .01). Positive affect was significantly lower prior to the first cigarette of the day (p less then .001), but did not significantly differ between depression symptom groups. Subjective cognitive functioning was significantly lower pre-first cigarette of the day (p less then .001). There was a significant Depression Symptom × Prompt Type interaction for subjective cognitive functioning (p = .01). Subjective cognitive functioning did not significantly differ by depression symptom group pre-first cigarette of the day but was significantly different at random prompts throughout the day. Conclusions As participants smoked as usual, findings identify naturalistic factors which may influence smoking behavior among premenopausal females who smoke with elevated depression symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).