To measure medical students' perceptions of their educational environment and to determine the potential differences in those perceptions with regard to gender and the year of study. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 2018-19, and comprised medical students enrolled at the college. Data was collected using the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure scale. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Of the 262 students approached, 191(73%) responded. The total mean score was 122.49±21.50. Perception of educational environment was higher for male students and advanced-level students (p<0.05). The findings illustrated a healthy educational environment. The findings illustrated a healthy educational environment. To seek optimal keV settings for imaging carpal tunnel in adults by dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) monoenergetic technique; to describe anatomic characteristics of carpal tunnel and to observe correlation between carpal bony and soft tissue structures. DECT images of 20 wrists (11 left and 9 right wrists; 14 men, mean age 26.93±1.38 years, range 23 to 28, and 6 women, mean age 24.17 ± 0.98 years, range 23 to 26) were evaluated. Monoenergetic images were reconstructed at 42, 62, 82, 102, 122, and 142 keV. Image quality was assessed along a 5-point Likert scale, and the highest-quality images were chosen for quantitative analysis. Two musculoskeletal radiologists performed both analyses independently. The optimal energy spectrum with the best contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for monoenergetic images were at 62 keV (19 wrists, 95%) and 61 keV (1 wrist, 5%). There was substantial interobserver agreement between the readers in the 5-point Likert scale analysis of image quality (k= 0.793). Bland-Altman plots also indicated good agreement between observers in quantitative analysis. Intra-category 1 and 2 correlation was mostly discovered at hamate hook level and middle level of pisiform (P < 0.05), while bony and soft tissue structures partly reached correlation (P < 0.05). The optimal energy spectrum for monoenergetic DECT imaging of carpal tunnel structures was 62 keV. DECT monoenergetic imaging could predict changes in soft tissue structures and demonstrate carpal tunnel anatomic structures. The optimal energy spectrum for monoenergetic DECT imaging of carpal tunnel structures was 62 keV. DECT monoenergetic imaging could predict changes in soft tissue structures and demonstrate carpal tunnel anatomic structures. To assess the outcome of endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysm over 15 years. The retrospective study was conducted at the at Radiology Department of Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised medical records from April 2003 to April 2018 of patients who received endovascular treatment for intracranial aneurysm. Multiple variables reviewed included demographics, clinical presentation, aneurysm morphology, technique used, technique outcome and clinical outcome. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Of the 242 patients, 111(45.8%) were males and 131(54.1%) were female. The overall mean age was 46.3+/-13.543 years (range 9-78years). Aneurysm size was <5mm in 95(40.4%) patients, 5-10mm in 98(41.7%) and >10mm in 42(17.9%) patients. Aneurysms were located in the anterior communicating artery in 93(38.4%) patients, internal carotid artery 48(19.8%) patients and posterior communicating artery 26(10.7%) patients. Patients with higher initial Hess and Hunt grade were more likely to have higher modified Rankin scale score after treatment (p=0.001). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk-3484862.html Overall, 222(91.7%) patients were treated successfully. Complications were noted in 37(15.2%) patients and 10(4.0%) patients died. No correlation was found between Hess and Hunt grades and aneurysm severity based on aneurysm size, neck and ruptured/unruptured cases. No correlation was found between Hess and Hunt grades and aneurysm severity based on aneurysm size, neck and ruptured/unruptured cases. To assess the awareness of diabetic patients about diabetic retinopathy. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ophthalmology Department, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from April 2018 to April 2019, and comprised diabetic patients of either gender aged 21-80 years. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic, diabetes and diabetic retinopathy characteristics. Fundoscopic examination was done, and the presence and stage of diabetic retinopathy were documented. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Of the 132 subjects, 9(6.8%) were male and 123(93.2%) were females. The majority 64(48.5%) was aged 61-80 years. Overall, 74(56.1%) patients were aware that diabetes could affect their eyes, 57(43.2%) were never diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy, 76(57.6%) had gained information about diabetic retinopathy from ophthalmologists, 61(46.2%) and 29(22%) respondents reported that eyes should be examined 'only when vision is affected' and 'every 6 months' respectively, 98(74.2%) said the biggest barrier in getting eyes examined earlier was 'lack of knowledge', 23(17.4%) believed surgery was done for diabetic retinopathy treatment and 33(25%) believed that surgery, laser and injections all can be used. Significant relationship of diabetic retinopathy was found with duration of diabetes and the general health status (p<0.05). Though more than half the patients were aware that diabetes could affect the eyes, awareness of diabetic retinopathy and its consequences was low. Though more than half the patients were aware that diabetes could affect the eyes, awareness of diabetic retinopathy and its consequences was low. To examine the association of perception of osteoarthritis with adverse pain anxiety, symptoms of depression, positive and negative affects in patients with knee osteoarthritis, and to identify the prevalence of these parameters in male and female patients. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, from September 2017 to December 2018, and comprised osteoarthritis patients, aged 30-60 years. Psychiatric evaluation consisted of a semi-structured interview based on the Present Status Examination, and assessment was done using Beck Depression Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Osteoarthritis Scale, and the Pain Anxiety Scale. Radiographic examination was done to evaluate knee osteoarthritis. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Of the 250 subjects 144(57.6%) were males and 106(42.4%) were females. The overall mean age was 55.09+/-10.60 years. The patients had a strong inclination to enhance psychiatric illnesses (p<0.