Given the burden of migraine and its disproportionate distribution, the underlying cause(s) for the observed differences between sexes in the incidence, frequency, and intensity of migraine attacks must be better understood. Relevant biological as well as behavioral differences must be taken into account. To evaluate the scope of the existing knowledge on the issue of biological sex as well as gender differences in migraine, we conducted a systematized review of the currently available research. The review seeks to harmonize existing knowledge on the topic across the domains of biological/preclinical, clinical, and population-level research, which are traditionally synthesized and interpreted in isolation. Ultimately, we identify knowledge gaps and set priorities for further interdisciplinary and informed research on sex and gender differences as well as gender-specific therapies in migraine.Objective Cerebellar diseases frequently affect the ocular motor neural velocity-to-position integrator by increasing its leakiness and thereby causing gaze-evoked nystagmus (GEN) and rebound nystagmus (RN). Minor leakiness is physiological and occasionally causes GEN in healthy humans. We aimed to evaluate the characteristics of GEN/RN in healthy subjects for better differentiation between physiological and pathological GEN/RN. Methods Using video-oculography, eye position was measured in 14 healthy humans at straight ahead eye position before and after, and during 30 s of ocular fixation at 4 horizontal eccentric targets between 30° and 45°. We determined the eye drift velocity and the prevalence of nystagmus before/during/after eccentric fixation. Results Eye drift velocities during (range 0.62 ± 0.53°/s to 1.78 ± 0.69°/s) and after eccentric gaze (range 0.28 ± 0.52°/s to 1.48 ± 1.02°/s) increased with the amount of gaze eccentricity (30°-45°). During continuous eccentric gaze, eye drift velocities decreased by 0.41 ± 0.18°/s at 30°, and 0.84 ± 0.38°/s at 45° gaze eccentricity. GEN was elicited in 71% of subjects at 30° gaze eccentricity. Twenty-one percent showed RN thereafter. This prevalence increased to 100% (GEN)/72% (RN) at 45° gaze eccentricity. RN found after 30° gaze eccentricity was of low velocity (0.82 ± 0.21°/s) and occurred after minor drift velocity decrease during prior eccentric gaze (0.43 ± 0.15°/s). Conclusion GEN and RN should be tested using horizontal gaze eccentricities of less then 30°, since most healthy subjects physiologically show GEN and RN at higher eccentricities. In case of an uncertain result, both the reduction of eye drift velocity during eccentric gaze and the velocity of RN can be analyzed to distinguish physiological from pathological nystagmus.Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are a significant public health problem costing billions of dollars in healthcare costs and lost productivity while simultaneously reducing the quality of life for both patients and caregivers. Substance abuse is closely interconnected with TBI, as intoxicated individuals are at a greater risk of suffering brain injuries, and TBI may serve as a risk factor for the subsequent development of substance use disorders. There are also prominent sex differences in the etiology, epidemiology, and consequences of TBI. For instance, men are more likely to be injured on sporting fields or in auto accidents, while women are disproportionately likely to suffer TBI associated with intimate partner violence. Moreover, while men are much more likely to suffer TBI during late adolescence-young adulthood, sex differences in the incidence of TBI are much less prominent during other developmental epochs. Further, there are prominent sex differences in substance abuse biology; for example, while more men meet diagnostic criteria for substance abuse disorders, women tend to advance from casual use to addiction more quickly. In this paper, we will discuss the emerging clinical and preclinical evidence that these sex differences in TBI and substance abuse interact and may be prominent determinates of long-term outcomes.Background Cerebral small vessel disease is the most common cause of subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD). Unfortunately, conventional imaging techniques do not always demonstrate the microvascular pathology that is associated with small vessel disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the microvascular structure of SVaD and to identify how the microvascular changes in vessel size, detected with imaging, affect the gray matter. Methods Ten SVaD patients and 12 healthy controls underwent vessel size imaging with gradient-echo and spin-echo sequences before and after contrast agent injection. Four microvessel index maps, including total blood volume fraction (BVf), mean vessel density (Q), mean vessel diameter (mVD), and vessel size index (VSI) were calculated. ROI value of each microvessel parameter was compared between SVaD patients and controls. Voxel-wise comparison of microvessel parameters was also performed to assess the regional difference. The relationship between the microvessel parameters in white matter and total gray matter volume (TGV) were assessed. Results Both mVD and VSI were significantly different between the SVaD and controls in the ROI-based comparisons (unpaired t-test, p less then 0.05). mVD and VSI were significantly increased in the SVaD group at the subcortical, periventricular white matter, basal ganglia, and thalami compared with the controls (FDR corrected, p less then 0.05). VSI in the white matter areas were significantly negatively correlated with TGV (r = -0.446, p less then 0.05). Conclusions The increase of mVD and VSI in SVaD patients reflects the damage of the microvessels in the white matter, and these changes may lead to the damage of the gray matter.Objective Patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy can be difficult to treat surgically, especially if invasive monitoring reveals multiple ictal onset zones. Possible therapeutic options may include resection, neurostimulation, laser ablation, or a combination of these surgical modalities. To date, no study has examined outcomes associated with resection plus responsive neurostimulation (RNS, Neuropace, Inc., Mountain View, CA) implantation and we describe our initial experience in patients with multifocal epilepsy undergoing this combination therapy. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html Methods A total of 43 responsive neurostimulation (RNS) devices were implanted at UCI from 2015 to 2019. We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients from the same time period who underwent both resection and RNS implantation. Patients were required to have independent or multifocal onset, undergo resection and RNS implantation, and have a minimum of six-months for follow-up to be included in the study. Demographics, location of ictal onset, location of surgery, complications, and seizure outcome were collected.