Evaluate the accuracy of a tongue tracking system based on the localization of a permanent magnet to generate a baseline of phoneme landmarks. The positional variability of the landmarks provides an indirect measure of the tracking errors to estimate the position of a small tracer attached on the tongue. The creation of a subject-independent (universal) baseline was also attempted for the first time. 2,500 tongue trajectories were collected from 10 subjects tasked to utter 10 repetitions of 25 phonemes. A landmark was identified from each tongue trajectory, and tracking errors were calculated by comparing the distance of each repetition landmark to a final landmark set as their mean position. In the subject-dependent baseline, the tracking errors were found to be generally consistent across all phonemes and subjects, with less than 25% of the errors reported to be greater than 5.8 mm (median 3.9 mm). However, the inter-subject variability showed that current limitations of our system resulted in appreciable errors (median 55 mm, Q3 65 mm). The tracking errors reported in the subject-dependent case demonstrated the potential of our system to generate a baseline of phoneme landmarks. We have identified areas of improvement that will reduce the gap between the subject-dependent and universal baseline, while lowering tracking errors to be comparable to the gold standard. Creating a baseline of phoneme landmarks can help people affected by speech sound disorders to improve their intelligibility using visual feedback that guides their tongue placement to the proper position. Creating a baseline of phoneme landmarks can help people affected by speech sound disorders to improve their intelligibility using visual feedback that guides their tongue placement to the proper position. To evaluate the protective effect of tramadol on renal tissue in rats with induced renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R injury), and its effects on oxidative stress. Thirty adult, male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were selected as subjects. Rats were randomized into 3 groups group 1, sham; group 2, renal I/R injury; and group 3, renal I/R+Tramadol. In order to obtain ischemia in groups 2 and 3, renal artery was clamped for 1 h. Total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analyzed using biochemical assays in the serum samples. TOS values were measured as 1.68±0.4 in group 1, 3.35±1.0 in group 2, and 3.49±0.9 in group 3. When group 1 was compared with group 2 and group 3, the TOS values of group 1 were significantly lower (p<0.05), whereas there was no difference between group 2 and group 3 (p>0.05). TAC values were measured as 1.65±1.4 in group 1, 1.85±0.1 in group 2, and 2.79±0.6 in group 3. The antioxidant status of group 1 was not significantly different from that of group 2 (p>0.05), whereas there was a significant difference between group 1 and group 3 (p>0.05). Tramadol has positive effects on antioxidant levels in renal I/R injury. We think that tramadol may be used in patients who underwent renal surgery and have I/R injury risk. There is a need for studies on this subject including human series. Tramadol has positive effects on antioxidant levels in renal I/R injury. We think that tramadol may be used in patients who underwent renal surgery and have I/R injury risk. There is a need for studies on this subject including human series. Ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) is an uncommon but potentially treatable cause of male factor infertility. However, there are limited data on transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts (TURED) as a treatment option. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/agomelatine-hydrochloride.html A systematic review was therefore conducted to assess its efficacy and identify patient subgroups that benefit from the procedure. A database search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus (up to January 2019) and the World Health Organization trial registry was performed to identify all studies assessing infertile men with EDO undergoing TURED. The primary outcome measures included semen parameters and natural pregnancies. The secondary outcomes included complications, symptomatic improvement, and a change from in vitro fertilization to intrauterine insemination. Of 3,277 articles screened, 29 studies with 634 patients were included in the study. Although outcomes varied considerably among studies, a general increase in all semen parameters postoperatively was observed. Semen volume (n=23 studies) improved in a median of 83.0% of patients (interquartile range [IQR] 37.5). Sperm motility and concentration (n=10 and n=21 studies) improved in a median of 63.0% (IQR 15.0) and 62.5% (IQR 16.5) of patients, respectively. The natural pregnancy rate across the studies was a median of 25.0% (IQR 15.7). Improvements in both the outcomes were greater in patients with congenital etiologies and partial EDO. Differences in surgical technique did not appear to affect outcomes. TURED is associated with improvements in semen parameters and offers a chance of restoring fertility in previously subfertile men. Although results are promising, the current evidence remains limited owing to predominantly retrospective studies with small sample sizes. TURED is associated with improvements in semen parameters and offers a chance of restoring fertility in previously subfertile men. Although results are promising, the current evidence remains limited owing to predominantly retrospective studies with small sample sizes. Microscope-assisted vasovasostomy (MAVV) is a standard procedure used to reverse vasectomies. Robotic surgery has been established primarily for technically demanding urological procedures and has also been recently implemented in male reproductive surgery. We aimed to review the current evidence of robot-assisted vasovasostomy (RAVV) and robot-assisted vasoepididymostomy (RAVE). We performed a systematic literature review using PubMed to identify relevant original articles. We identified 2017 records through database search, and after removing duplicates, 782 records remained for further analysis. In total, 12 human and three animal studies were selected. Reported vasal patency rate ranges were 88%-100% for RAVVs and 55%-61% for RAVEs. The sperm count and postoperative pregnancy rates of RAVV ranged between 8.4 × 10 -120 × 10 sperm/mL and 65%, respectively. Finally, procedure times in the human studies, recorded for extracorporeal RAVVs and RAVEs ranged from 97 to 238 minutes. Robot-assisted vasal reversal is feasible with similar patency rates as for the microsurgical approach and showing comparable outcomes.