© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.A global, harmonized evaluation system for crop protection chemicals based on exposure and risk will improve the ability to inform risk management decisions and better support innovation. This would be achieved through harmonized risk assessment-based regulatory decision-making realized through the application of the best available science, via integration of new methods and traditional data to create tailored exposure-driven risk assessments. https://www.selleckchem.com/ A requirement to achieve success is a structure that encourages direct communication between the regulatory community and the regulated industry, which would enable a more rapid incorporation of new technologies and advancing science. An approach that emulates the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) for pharmaceuticals would bring together regulatory authorities and the regulated industry along with relevant experts from academia and Non-Governmental Organizations to discuss scientific and technical advances and their implementation. These discussions would also encourage the elimination of outmoded practices that no longer serve a purpose resulting in more uniform testing requirements and best practices for data evaluation to support safe use and scientifically defensible human health and environmental risk assessments. New and developing technologies offer exciting opportunities to improve the current toxicity testing paradigms to provide better solutions and diminish animal testing. Implementation of a harmonized approach will increase the speed, efficiency and accuracy of regulatory decision-making for human health and environmental protection while increasing the efficiency of providing safe and effective innovative products to the agriculture community. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.AIMS We compared the incidence of post-procedural radial artery occlusion (RAO) and upper extremity dysfunction (UED), in patients undergoing conventional versus slender transradial (TRA) coronary procedures. METHODS AND RESULTS UED was assessed by the QuickDASH, before conventional (i.e., ≥6F) and slender (i.e., "virtual" 3F to 5F) procedures, after 2 weeks and 2 months. RAO was assessed by Duplex in patients with an abnormal reversed Barbeau test (RBT). A total of 212 patients were included, UED after 2 weeks was 12%, and after 2 months 7% (p = less then .001). RAO occurred in 3%. Multivariate analysis showed an OR of 0.26 (CI0.08-0.84) for UED at 2 weeks (p = .03) in favor of slender TRA. In patients with RAO, UED did not improve at 2 months (2/5, 40%, p = .046). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of UED after TRA procedures is temporary except for patients with RAO. Slender TRA seems able to reduce short term UED. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Journal clubs are widely used as an educational tool in graduate life science programs. In journal clubs, students are assigned to read specific journal articles to achieve a broad knowledge in their field of study and to gain competence in reading and assessing scientific publications. However, students often show low motivation to read assigned articles, and under-prepared students contribute little to in-class discussions. In order to promote student engagement in graduate-level journal clubs, we used an inverted, student-centered format that focuses on a scientific question or topic rather than specific publications. Both the weekly topics and the scientific publications were selected by the students and focused on aspects of the students' thesis research. For each weekly topic, students were asked to find papers, read the papers and summarize the findings during class, which led to the presentation of a variety of approaches and viewpoints. This approach trained students in literature search, focused reading and oral presentation skills and provided a broad overview of the research in the selected topic areas. Student feedback showed a high level of acceptance of the new format. We propose this inverted journal club format as a useful alternative to traditional formats, because it focuses on a different scientific skill set and leads to increased student engagement through its student-centered approach. © 2020 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.BACKGROUND Phytophthora capsici is a destructive plant oomycete pathogen that could lead to devastating losses in food production. Fungicide application is the main way to control plant disease caused by P. capsici. SYP-14288, a novel fungicide with a unique mode of action, could be used to control a broad range of plant diseases. Here, the potential for SYP-14288 resistance in P. capsici and the resistance mechanism involved were evaluated. RESULTS Baseline sensitivities of 133 isolates to SYP-14288 were determined and found to conform to a unimodal curve with a mean half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) of 0.625 μg mL-1 . In total, 21 stable SYP-14288-resistant mutants were generated by fungicide adaptation in three sensitive isolates. The fitness of all the mutants was found to be lower than that of the parental isolates. Otherwise, downregulation of various ATPases may confer different resistance levels in P. capsici. Finally, multiple biochemical studies strongly suggest that both ATP content and electric potential were reduced in SYP-14288-resistant mutants, and as a compensatory mechanism, respiration was facilitated to make up for the energy defect in mutants. CONCLUSION The low fitness of SYP-14288-resistant mutants suggests that the resistance risk of P. capsici to SYP-14288 is low. Resistance may be led by a permeability change in the mitochondrial inner membrane in SYP-14288-resistant isolates, and lower ATP consumption lifestyles may be key to the SYP-14288 resistance generated in P. capsici. The current study could benefit the registration and application of the novel fungicide SYP-14288. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.BACKGROUND Multiple-herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum and other weed species is increasingly exerting pressure on herbicide discovery research for solutions against resistance-prone weeds. In this study we investigate (i) the responses of L. rigidum populations and wheat to the new herbicide cinmethylin in comparison with other pre-emergence herbicides, (ii) the effect of seed burial depths on cinmethylin efficacy and crop selectivity, and (iii) the basis of cinmethylin selectivity in wheat. RESULTS Cinmethylin at 400 g ha-1 controls herbicide-susceptible and multiple-resistant L. rigidum, with a reduction of >85% in plant emergence and 90% in aboveground biomass. Cinmethylin provides effective control of a large number of field populations of L. rigidum with evident resistance to trifluralin. When the wheat seed is buried ≥1 cm below the cinmethylin-treated soil surface, the emergence of crop seedlings is not different from the untreated control. The organophosphate insecticide phorate synergizes cinmethylin toxicity in wheat, with an LD50 of 682 g ha-1 in the absence of phorate versus 109 g ha-1 in the presence of phorate (84% reduction).